Introduction To Electrochemical Sensors Xi Meng Engineering Essay

Introduction To Electrochemical Sensors Xi Meng Engineering Essay This paper is mainly focused on three parts: introduction to electrochemical sensors Simply describe the working principle, main components breathable film, electrode, electrolyte and filter ,influencing factors and selectivity 3)Introduce sensor types (potentiometric sensors, voltammetric sensors and amperometric sensors, review and discuss some examples (Solid-State Reference Electrodes, Ion selective, Carbon Based Materials, Novel Materials/ composites) on the research of electrochemical sensors classified by sensor type for future research. [Key Words] Electrochemical sensor, electrode, potentiometric, Ion selective It can be tracked back to the 1950s, when electrochemical sensor was first used to monitor oxygen. To the mid-1980s, small electrochemical sensor began to be devoted into detecting a variety of different toxic gases within PEL range, and showed great sensitivity and selectivity. Currently, various electrochemical sensors are widely used in many static and mobile applications in order to protect the personal safety. Working principle Electrochemical sensors work by reacting with the gas to be measured, and showing electrical signals reflecting the gas concentration. Typical electrochemical sensor is made up of the sensing electrode( or working electrode) and the counter electrode, separated by a thin electrolytic layer. Firstly, gas reacts with the sensor through tiny capillary-type openings, then reaches the hydrophobic barrier, and ultimately reaches the electrode surface. Using this method allows an appropriate amount of gas reacts with the sensing electrode to form a sufficient electrical signal while preventing electrolyte leaks out the sensor. Gas spreading through the barrier reacts with the sensing electrode, and the sensing electrode can take the oxidation mechanism or reduction mechanism. These reactions are carried out by the design of the electrode material for the gas to be measured and catalysis. Electrical current proportional to the measured gas flows between the positive electrode and the negative electrode through a resistor connected between the electrodes. As this process creates electrical current, the electrochemical sensor is always called current gas sensor or micro fuel cells. In practice, since the electrode surface reacts continuously, the sensing electrode potential cannot be maintained constant, after a longer period of time, it will result in the degradation of sensor performance. In order to improve sensor performance, people introduces reference electrode in the sensor. The reference electrode is mounted in the electrodes nears the sensing electrodes, The fixed stable potentiostatic acting as the sensor electrode. Reference electrode can be maintained on such a fixed voltage value in the sensor electrode. There is no current flows between the reference electrodes. Gas molecules react with the sensing electrode, at the same time, measure the counter electrode. The measurement result is usually directly related to the gas concentration and the voltage value affects on the sensing electrode can be aimed at the target gas. Main components A. Breathable film (also referred as a hydrophobic membrane): breathable membrane is used for covering the sensor (catalytic) electrodes, used in some cases to control the amount of the gas molecular that reaches the surface of electrode. Such barriers are typically made by low-porosity Teflon film and such sensors are called coated sensor. Alternatively, we can also use the high-porosity Teflon membrane covering, using capillary control the amount of the gas molecular reaches the surface of the electrode and such sensors are called capillary type sensor. In addition to providing mechanical protection for the sensor, the film also has the function of filtering out unwanted particles. In order to send the correct amount of the gas molecules, we need to choose the right film and capillary aperture size. Aperture size should be able to allow a sufficient amount of the gas molecules to reach the sensing electrode. The aperture size should also prevent leakage of liquid electrolyte or dry too quickly. B. Electrode: selecting electrode materials is very important. The electrode material should be a kind of catalytic material, to be able to perform the semi-electrolytic reaction in a long period of time. Typically, the electrode is manufactured by noble metal, such as platinum or gold, reacts with gas molecules after catalysis. Depending on the design of the sensor may be, for the completion of the electrolysis reaction, three kinds of different materials of electrodes may be used. C. Electrolyte: The electrolyte must have enough promotion to electrolysis reaction, and transfer the ionic charge to the electrode effectively. It also must be able to form stable reference potential with reference electrode and be suitable to the materials used in the sensor. If the electrolyte evaporates too quickly, the sensor signal will be weakened. D. Filters: Sometimes the front of the sensor will be installed with the washing filter to filter out unwanted gas. There are limited selections for fileters, different filter has different efficiency degree. Most commonly used filter medium is activated carbon, and activated carbon can filter out most of the chemicals, but cannot filter out carbon monoxide. By selecting the correct medium, electrochemical sensors may have a higher selectivity for its target gas. The electrochemical sensor manufactured in many ways, ultimately depends on the gases to detect and manufacturers. However, the main characteristics of the sensor is very similar in essence. Here are some of the common characteristics of the electro-chemical sensors: 1. The three-electrode sensors, usually use a jumper to connect the working electrode and reference electrode. If remove it during storage process and it takes a long time for the sensor to maintain stable and ready for use. Some sensors require a bias voltage exists between the electrodes and in this case, the sensor is manufactured with a nine volt battery powered electronic circuit. The sensor stability requires 30minutes to 24 hours, and requires three weeks time to continue to remain stable. 2. Most of the toxic gas sensors require a small amount of oxygen to maintain the normal function. The sensor equipped with an air vent on the back in order to achieve this object. Our recommendation is to perform a re-examination with manufacturers in the use of non-oxygen background gas applications. 3. The electrolyte of the battery in the sensor is an aqueous solvent to be isolated, the hydrophobic barrier prevents leakage from the aqueous solvent. However, like other gas molecules, water vapor can pass through the hydrophobic barrier. In high humidity conditions, the prolonged exposure may result in the accumulation of excess moisture and cause leaks. Under low humidity conditions, the sensor may dry. Designed for monitoring a high gas concentration sensor having a lower porosity barrier to limit the gas molecules passing through, so that it does not affect by humidity, and like those monitoring low concentration gas, such sensors have a higher porosity barrier and allows gas molecules to flow freely. Pressure and temperature The electrochemical sensor pressure changes with impact minimally. However, due to the differential pressure may damage the sensor, so the entire sensor must maintain the same pressure. Electrochemical sensor is also very sensitive to temperature, and usually takes the internal temperature compensation. So it is best to try to keep the standard temperature. In general, when the temperature is above 25 Â ° C, the sensor readings are higher; below 25 Â ° C, lower readings. The error by temperature effect is usually from 0.5 to 1.0% per degree Celsius, depending on the manufacturer and the sensor type. Selectivity The electrochemical sensor usually has a high selectivity to its objectives. The degree of selectivity is dependent on the sensor type, objective gas, concentration of the target gas to be detected. The best electrochemical sensor is a sensor of the detection of oxygen, it has a good selectivity, reliability and a longer life expectancy. Other electrochemical sensors are susceptible to interference from other gases. Interference data can be drawn by a relatively low concentration of the gas calculated. In practical applications, the interference concentrations may be high to mislead signal make false readings or false alarms. Reference Electrodes Typically, use of reference electrode is to remain at a constant potential, thus behaving independently from the properties of the working electrode and those of the solution being measured. This separation method between reference electrodes and working electrodes is the basis of accurate electrochemical measurements for a great amount of applications, Example: Solid-State Reference Electrodes Reference electrodes have been put in use in a variety of industries, but usually traditional reference electrode composition is not adequately effective and fails to work properly when subjected to harsh industrial processes. Traditional reference electrodes depend upon a liquid solution for appropriate potential measurements. Liquid solution-based reference electrodes are in widespread use; however, successful miniaturization and mass production is severely limited by continual maintenance as well as contamination control. The alternative is a solid-state reference electrode (SSRE), but typically these devices cannot compete adequately with the reproducibility of liquid-based reference electrodes or be mass-produced consistently. Recently, a novel SSRE was developed using a polyelectrolyte junction and was able to fabricate a SSRE and a pH-sensing chip that displayed excellent reproducibility between synthetic batches, instant stabilization time, and superior sensing characteristic s and can be readily miniaturized for affordable mass-production. By using a solid KCl melt in conjunction with an Ag/AgCl component, in order to use in beverage industry applications. This SSRE has a wide range of pH use, stable potentials, and small drift potentials. The reported stability and life time of this reference electrode make it particularly applicable for the food industry. In addition to food industry, engine diagnostics are utilizing SSRE to assess efficiency. Potentiometric sensors Potentiometric sensors have usually been defined as a zero-current technique to measure the potential across an interface, oftentimes a membrane. As now, research has been focused on highlighting the significance of membrane composition using carbon pastes and polyvinyl chloride as well as unique ionophores specifically designed for targeted species. Example:Ion selective Scientists in this field are facing a challenge ranging from medicinal chemistry to environmental toxicity is that novel ion selective electrodes (ISEs). ISEs typically use an ionophore as the sensing platform to ensure selectivity to a specific ion of target. The increasing use of heavy metal and ion in industrial processes makes ion selective sensors important for the appropriate sensing and quantification of potential pollutants. Use and research were divided into cations, anions, and neutral species and got great achievements. Voltammetric sensors Voltammetry provides an electroanalytical method for deriving information about one or more analytes by measuring the current as a function of the potential. Several types of experiments may be performed to gather information from voltammetry including cyclic voltammetry, squarewave voltammetry, and stripping voltammetry to name a few common techniques. Example: Carbon Based Materials Carbon based electrodes have been widely used in voltammetric research because of low cost, availability, stability, and the ability to easily modify the morphology of carbon. There are a number of carbon-based electrodes including glassy carbon. Polycrystalline boron doped diamond, carbon nanotubes, and most recently grapheme. Through the detection of the neurotransmitter serotonin, they found that pristine carbon nanotubes networks exhibited background current densities that were 2 orders of magnitude lower than glassy carbon and 20 times lower than polycrystalline boron doped diamond. Numerous advantages of using carbon as an electrode tip including mechanical strength and inhibition of water electrolysis. Amperometric sensors During an amperometric measurement, the working electrode, or sensor , is held at a constant potential while the current is monitored. The current is then related to the concentration of the analyte present. Example: Novel materials/ composites Use of new materials, especially manomaterials, has become an increase of research in electrochemical sensors. The incorporation of these manomaterials in conjunction with one another to form novel composites is particularly interesting, as many of these materials have been found to have synergistic effects. Electrospun carbon nanofibers provide more edge sites on the outer wall than carbon nanotubes, which may lead to more facile electron transfer, better dispersion, and better wettability. And the low cost, facile construction, high sensitivity, and lack of pretreatment make it appealing for future electrochemical sensing application.

The Age of Turbulence

Alan Greenspan published â€Å"The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World† on September 17, 2007 and the first half of the work is an autobiographical chronology of his life. It gives readers a chance to view the people and circumstances that can help and guide Greenspan as he grew up.The second half of the book states the major economic events that have occurred over the past half century. He details his life under different U.S. Presidents as well as economic systems including the Marxist Communism, Populism, as well as Market Capitalism.According to Greenspan, free market capitalism is the economic approach that will trump other approaches. Based on Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ which is the people’s motivational self-interest which is important in his view of building a successful economy.In the book he discusses the fast historical growth of the U.S. economy under the market capitalism as well as its benefit to the other foreigners. Inters persed in the material is Greenspan’s lack of quality public secondary education for the masses especially in the field of sciences and mathematics and it role in the divergence of rich and poor in the U.S.Greenspan hits hard as he criticizes President Bush, VP Cheney and Republican-controlled Congress for abandoning the traditional tenets of fiscal discipline. Included in his argument is the President’s refusal to veto new Federal legislation which increases the spending easily. According to him, Bush approach has been one of â€Å"conflict avoidance† and attending to political agendas leaving no room for reason.It is President Gerald Ford whom he praises above all the other presidents including former President Clinton calling his governance as characterized as a consistent disciplined focus on long-term economic growth.† Even at the age of 81, Greenspan has strong opinions about several issues and is saddened that it is politically difficult to admit th at in truth, the Iraq war is mainly about oil. His comments about the war can be shocking as he reveals that there could be about 1.2 million people could have died because of this conflict in Iraq.According to a Washington Post columnist, people will most likely agree that Greenspan’s greatest contribution is that of the policy maker who, â€Å"through the power of his office, the force of his intellect, and the cunning behind-the-scenes maneuvering, engineered the wholesale deregulation of the US banking and financial system†.With regard to legacy, his most important legacy is that of making the US economy â€Å"more prone to asset bubbles, corporate scandals and financial crises, but robust enough to absorb such shocks while continuing to deliver long-term economic growth† (Pearlstein, 2006, p. D01).He was elected to third consecutive term in 1996. One of the highlights of this term is said to be the crucial role he played during the financial crisis that hit Asia and Russia.With the world financial system under threat, Greenspan is said to have gone against the conventional wisdom of raising interest rates, and instead convinced his Fed colleagues to do the reverse and support him in pushing for three consecutive interest rate cuts. That unexpected move is said to have been instrumental in pumping capital flows into the world economy and averted a recession in the US and many parts of the world.Moreover, Greenspan is said to have collaborated with the then secretary of the treasury Robert Rubin in inspiring confidence in the national economy, so much so that in 1998, unemployment levels were at 24-year lows, inflation levels were at 11-year lows, and consumer confidence was highest compared to the past 30 years.According to a Washington Post columnist, people will most likely agree that Greenspan’s greatest contribution is that of the policy maker who, â€Å"through the power of his office, the force of his intellect, and the c unning behind-the-scenes maneuvering, engineered the wholesale deregulation of the US banking and financial system†.With regard to legacy, his most important legacy is that of making the US economy â€Å"more prone to asset bubbles, corporate scandals and financial crises, but robust enough to absorb such shocks while continuing to deliver long-term economic growth† (Pearlstein, 2006, p. D01).Some examples demonstrate the Greenspan standard in action. From 1994 to early 1995, for example, Greenspan was said to have launched a series of preemptive moves to tighten the monetary policy to ward off the threat of a trend towards rising inflation, in the form of increased interest rates. While the move to raise rates were said to have initially shocked the market, such moves were said to be a clear statement of the Fed’s seriousness to tame inflation.As a testament to his flexibility, he then eased rates towards late 1995 when the economy showed signs of abrupt weakeni ng, thus pumping money into the economy and avoiding a slowdown in economic activities (Yu, n.d., p. 5).Another example of Greenspan’s prescience was in 1998, when the Fed introduced rate cuts in three consecutive months from September to November, amidst signs of an economic slowdown. Such moves are said to have influenced European central banks to make similar rate cuts to avert a greater slowdown in the economies of Europe.Virtually every intellectual sector in the United States and the rest of the world has heaped praise on the singularly successful steering of monetary policy by Alan Greenspan during his term as chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board. Blinder and Reis, in a paper out of Princeton notes the following:No one has yet credited Alan Greenspan with the fall of the Soviet Union or the rise of the Boston Red Sox, although both may come in time as the legend grows. But within the domain of monetary policy, Greenspan has been central to just about everything tha t has transpired in the practical world since 1987and to some of the major developments in the academic world as well (Blinder and Reis, 2005, p. 1).Indeed, the book examines his views on these issues. To wit, Greenspan presided over an era marked by the Black Friday stock market crash in 1987, the wars in Kuwait in 1990 and the Iraq war in 2000, a global financial crisis in 1997 and 1998, â€Å"the biggest financial bubble in history†, a productivity growth turnaound that started in 1995, and the threat of deflation in 2003 (Blinder and Reis, 2005, pp. 1-2), and successfully hurdled them all to the benefit of the US and world economies.On the other end, some quarters have also been critical of the tenure of Alan Greenspan. One quarter argues that Greenspan leaves the Fed with a legacy of debt that will have long-term adverse impacts on the US and world economies. Specifically, a study notes that such a legacy of debt by Greenspan has â€Å"potential adverse consequencesâ₠¬ .Basically, the line of reasoning is that foreign creditors could start to question how America will be able to pay future interest and dividend payments without resorting to â€Å"printing dollars†, and such could result on a run on the dollar. The run on the dollar can then lead to a rise in interest rates, which could hurt the housing market and cause mortgage defaults to rise. Such a rise in defaults could then cripple the banking system, making Federal rate cuts less effective in steering the economy.I think that on balance, those who have been heaping accolades on Mr. Greenspan’s performance at the helm of the Federal Reserve Board have reason to do so. The Greenspan era was one that was characterized by the singular success of the policies of Mr. Greenspan to steer the US economy to its current state of prosperity.Basically, my take on the Greenspan standard is that Mr. Greenspan’s policies are based on intelligent, period-by-period assessments of the state of the economy, and making adjustments to monetary as needed, discarding old assumptions that are not in tune to reality and keeping close tabs to what is actually happening moment by moment. The Greenspan standard seems just another way of saying that Mr. Greenspan kept a close watch of the economy and did everything at his disposal to make sure that monetary policy is cautiously and prudently managed.The criticism regarding Mr. Greenspan’s legacy as one of it being a legacy of debt is simplistic. The argument is predicated on the withdrawal of trust by creditors in the ability of the US to pay its debt obligations, and on the collapse of the housing market. It is simplistic because it fails to consider that the macro economy is dependent on factors other than housing.Also, it is simplistic because the argument does not take into consideration the probability of a debt default happening, which is the main event that detractors say will touch off a series of cascading e ffects leading to the weakened ability of interest rates tweaking in controlling the economy.He mentions in the book that the rate of technological innovation is slowing down. He is pessimistic about the prospects that the United States is facing. He is able to predict that there are advances in the information technology and this will permanently increase the economy’s growth capacity.   Greenspan was able to keep interest rates low so that the economy could reach its potential. Greenspan was vindicated because in the years after that, the productivity figures started rising consistently.By and large, Greenspan’s memoir is an interesting read that makes readers enlightened about his life in the context of the Sept. 11 bombing. He is a man who also influenced the nation as he traces his early roots, as well as his training as an economist and finally his job as the Fed Chairman.His experience in the dotcom era manifests to him that the best way to control a speculati ve boom is to prevent it from developing from the very start. What makes the book an engaging material is the fact that he relied on the use of formal mathematical models together with a set of assumptions that can be identified with data. He stated his own predictions about the future and concluded that in the end, it is man’s ability to transcend the sufferings and trials that ultimately matters in the end.REFERENCESBlinder, A.S and Reis, R. (2005). Understanding the Greenspan Standard. Princeton University. Retrieved April 6, 2008 at: http://www.kc.frb.org/PUBLICAT/SYMPOS/2005/PDF/BlinderReis.paper.0914.pdfGreenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. Allen Lane (17 Sep 2007) Pearstein, S. (2006). The Laissez-Fairest of them all. Washington Post. 20 January 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2008 at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011903180.htmlYu, H. (n.d.). Alan Greenspan. University of Florida. Retrieved April 6, 2008 at : http://bear.cba.ufl.edu/demiroglu/fin4504fall2004/Articles/Greenspan.pdf

Most Noticeable Possible Essay Topics

Most Noticeable Possible Essay Topics When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential issue to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. The primary goal of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. The point is that someone with a wide ranging vocabulary ought to be in a position to chat about any of the usual essay topics easily using words that are particular to that topic. Therefore, to write a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Some folks claim that the aim of politics ought to be the pursuit of an ideal. They believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a very good cause and effect essay topic. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. On the opposing side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. At times you might require some expert h elp with argumentative essay topics. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. To put it differently, the essay should say how you intend to get ready for class. Narrative essays serve wide range of purposes. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. In such situations, you wouldn't have the ability to create excellent essays for your university. Enable the professional academic writers help to your informative paper! Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. Now compose the sentence in which you say the method by which the quotation proved the topic sentence that supports your general thesis. You shouldn't write diverse paragraphs that might appear to be meaningless. The introductory paragraph needs to be attractive and it needs to be written in a catchy way. The Bad Side of Possible Essay Topics Next, you must get started reviewing the important facts to keep in mind about each event on your list. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying updated with what's going on in the world is really going to help you think of ideas. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something wh ich you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Have a look at each question carefully and take a small time to work out the topic and what type of answer is going to be expected. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Many argue that vocabulary isn't important but an excellent vocabulary can help you in expressing just the significance of the speech or thoughts. Your stories aren't debatable. You should always work to boost your reading volume so that you are able to raise your knowledge level. Possible Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the dearth of suitable comprehension. In other words, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are really interested in how you are going to manage the subsequent four years by yourself. The Ultimate Possible Essay Topics Trick Colleges are not searching for perfect folks. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Some people think that universities should require every student to have a range of courses beyond the student's field of study. College students should base their selection of an area of study on the access to work in that area.

Business Analysis THe Case of Costco Company - 554 Words

Key Issues: At the end of 2012, Costco was a successful business, but there are some issues that they would need to deal with. These issues mainly arise from their previous successful ventures as a warehouse wholesale company. The first issue is that Costco has competitors that can actually be and are a threat to their success. Competition allows a company to improve itself and prove its prowess to its customers. However, when a competitor is able to provide the service at a much reduced cost, problems will arise. As for the second issue, it seems that Costco’s efforts to become an international company are moving slowly. They have not reached a point where their US and Canadian warehouses provide a backbone for their finances. Costco’s third issue is that their finances are too reliant on acquiring new members and not on selling their products. If they cannot keep acquiring new members at a steady rate, their financial infrastructure could suffer. Analysis: Key Issue #1: Costco has many competitors with the primary two being Sam’s Club, a warehouse wholesale business being managed by Walmart, and BJ’s warehouse. Sam’s Club is offering the same services as Costco. They offer their customers lower prices than traditional stores and like Costco they sell their products in bulk to keep members interested. What makes them a threat to Costco is the cost of becoming a member to shop at their stores. For Costco’s basic membership, known as a Business membership, a priceShow MoreRelatedCostco Wholesale Corporation: Mission, Business Model, and Strategy1309 Words   |  6 PagesCase Analysis 1 Costco Wholesale Corporation: Mission, Business Model, and Strategy Renee Francia Strategic Human Resources BME 0939883 May 2013 Term Company Background Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco) is a retail membership warehouse chain which was founded by Jim Sinegal and Jeff Brotman in 1983. 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The analysis of this topicRead MoreCostco mini case study1276 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Case 2 questions-Costco 1. What is Costco’s business model? Is the company’s business model appealing? Why or why not? Generating high sales volume and rapid inventory turnover by offering fee-paying members low prices on nationally branded and private-label products. Yes, it is appealing because the fees paid by members allowed for sufficient supplemental revenues while the turnover rates allowed Costco to receive cash for inventory before it had to pay many of its merchandise vendors. 2

Carol Karlsen s The Devil - 1692 Words

Name Class Professor June 22, 2015 Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was written to provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the â€Å"witch† in colonial New England. During the early colonial period, pilgrims lived in a male-dominated society and the classical witch hunts were conducted in an attempt to maintain this societal structure. Since these hunts were placed under a religious guise, it was simple for these individuals to act as if they were maintaining the safety and justice of society. Karlsen explains that in many instances, women who were labelled as witches were often females that had managed to acquire great economic and social status and society. In fear of these women, the neighborhood targeted them and called them witches to weaken their power. Independent of guilt, women who were accused of witchcraft could not possibly recovered. If they claimed their innocence, they would be stoned or burned to dea th because the counsel would decide that they were not being truthful. If they admitted to their guilt, their place in society would be marred and they would be embarrassed for partaking in these evil acts. Through this violence, men have been able to maintain their place in Puritan society. In her book, Karlsen aims to provide the reader new insight into the witch trials, demonstrating the societal, rather than religious causes for this well-known historic tragedy. KarlsenShow MoreRelatedThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay examples641 Words   |  3 PagesThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Carol Karlsen was born in 1940. She is currently a professor in the history department a the University of Michigan. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D, 1980), she has taught history and women’s study courses at Union College and Bard College. In this book Carol Karlsen reveals the social construction of witchcraft in 17th century New England, and brings forth the portrait of gender in the New England Society. The books thesis is based onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Devil On The Shape Of A Woman By Carol Karlsen Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, Carol Karlsen who was a Professor of History and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan had a different take on the trials. Karlsen wrote The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England in 1987, a book examining the role of women in the Salem Witch Trials. Karlsen was â€Å"concerned with the meaning of witchcraft for New England’s first settlers†¦ and why most witches in early American society were women.† Karlsen obviously felt that there was a disparity ofRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 Pagesdecided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did what they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place and why they reached the magnitude that they did. The theories put fourth by Karlsen of a society that accusations against women as witches explain the trail, and Rosenthals ideas of discourseRead MoreWitchcraft Hysteria By Laurie Winn Carlson1307 Words   |  6 PagesAs Peter S Beagle says, â€Å"You ever want to see real witchcraft, you watch people protecting their comfort, their beliefs.† This quote is saying if you want to truly understand someone, learn about what they believe in. It all began in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The accusations toward people who were thought to be witches was on the rise. These would not be the kind of witches a person would think about in today s world, but women and men who were put on trial for witchcraft hysteria, which inRead MoreThe Hysteria of Salem Witchcraft Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican colonies alone there were over 100 witchcraft trials alone, were 40 percent of the accused were executed. Now two professors, Carol F. Karlsen of history and Kai T. Erikson of sociology, examine the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria to see if it was caused by a fear of women and give two entirely different interpretations. The first professor, Carol F. Karlsen, agreed that the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria was caused by a fear of women. She agrees that the belief in the Puritian culture, that Read MoreEssay about Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof who was designated a witch was gender, in fact eighty percent of all those killed were women. Of those women, females who were spinsters or widows, rather than wives or mothers were represented disproportionately among the witches. In the 1800s, imprisoned women suffered the same terrible conditions as their male counterparts, yet they were not allowed to go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards , but rather were brought needlework and food and forced to remain in their cells. In theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1297 Words   |  6 Pagesalongside her working the devil against the Puritans. As chaos spread through Salem and the rest of Massachusetts, a large number of others were accused (about 200 plus people were accused), including Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse– who were highly respected members of the church and community–and the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good. After Tituba’s alleged confession, many others of the accused witches had â€Å"confessed† to performing acts of witchcraft and to â€Å"signing the devil s book.† The trials againstRead MoreAnalysis of the Salem Witch Trials2099 Words   |  8 PagesPuritans that comprised the colony of Salem, Massachusetts, were extremely religious, attributing biblical meaning to all aspects of their lives and being accustomed to personify the devil (Kocić, 2010). Specifically, church elders strongly believed that their congregation was superlatively righteous and for this reason the devil would try to target it with attacks in all forms , hence it was impressed upon the community to be vigilant against any signs of his presence. Such signs were subject to interpretationRead MoreNineteenth Century Americ A Bleak Portrayal Of The Sociopolitical Scene3092 Words   |  13 Pagesconsidered sexless, the impression of the woman as the devil’s tool was inevitable. Women were expected to seek purification through the church, which was almost shielded by men. The result of sin was severe punishment, which often involved execution. Karlsen suggests that the execution of many women aged forty and above was connected to the notion that these women did not fit the ideal puritan society because they could not be groomed into obedient wives to their men (07). As a result, majority of theRead MoreIn Depth Research of Witchcraft Essay3980 Words   |  16 Pageswitchcraft, Meghan Lewis and Carol Karlsen. Witchcraft the religion is quite old. Practices have said to be dated back to Neolithic Stone Age cave painting, but it is hard to be completely certain if the pictures have been interpreted properly. Witchcraft is known to have grown out of pre-Christian pagan beliefs. The beliefs have developed over the years, being taken from various sources. The idea of witchcraft took a major turn around the end of the mid-evil period. Around the 1500s the religion of witchcraft

A Human Resource Manager Dealings Free Essays

string(88) " of their business degrees than I did not even seem interested to the slightest degree\." Human resources management deals with the theories, concepts, and practices that enable organizations to attract and retain employees. Human resource managers are responsible for designing effective compensation systems. They must be aware of the most recent laws and regulations governing what managers can and cannot do, and they must apply nondiscriminatory recruiting, selection, promotion, and pay standards. We will write a custom essay sample on A Human Resource Manager Dealings or any similar topic only for you Order Now New and important developments in advanced industrial societies have created additional challenges in human resource management, resulting in increased opportunities in such areas as ersonnel management, labor relations, labor and employment law, and compensation and employee benefits. Another of the business fields most important areas is finance. Finance is the study of how individuals and organizations make decisions about short-term and long-term investments and how these investments are financed. This major teaches theoretical and practical aspects of financial management. The general aspect is to explain how financial techniques can solve some of societies most important problems. Human resource management and finance our main aspects in the educational field of business, hat cannot be disregarded in a business society. I chose the profession of a human resource manager so I could basically have control in what I do in the business type atmosphere. This profession has many different departments in a business and the managers of those departments have a lot of control in how they run their departments. These departments consist of employee relations, organizational development, compensation, benefits, labor relations, and functions management also known as a generalist. All the managers of these departments in a corporation are very well paid. I become more anxious to start working in this business field as I keep learning Money has played a major role in my decision to choose this profession. The salaries all depend upon the company. For example in the division of organizational development the starting salary is 52,000 dollars out of college. After three years it is 82,000 dollars. Four more years it is more than 120,000 dollars. This was a major influence in the decision of making human resource management a career choice. In the career of business no matter what your major is the concept or center that the business world revolves around is he act of dealing with money. After careful studying of these career paths and choices I have come to the conclusion that money makes all the difference in the world. At the salary rate and employee benefits of the profession makes this job one that can last a full Although it requires a lot of hard work the profession of being a human resource manager is one that leaves great financial standing to support a family and good retirement funds. The idea of having money is not all about having it for yourself. Many people who criticize others for looking for a career with good financial standing assume that person ants money for themselves. Many people use money as an influence for choosing their careers are thinking about their future which hopes to consist of a family. This is my motive, I want my family, just like everyone else to live life better than I did so I can show that hard work pays off. Selfishness has nothing to do with anything, the future has everything to do with it. I really want this career to lasts for me as long as it can. The more financial support that I have as a result of being in this field is for the better to I really felt no pressure in choosing this career, I made this choice on my own and I hoose to stick with it. I did not feel any pressure to attend college I knew I had to go to college mainly because of influence of the society I grew up in. My parents are both equally successful in the way that they are both bosses in their career. This is what I use as my motivation in order to succeed just like both of them. It actually makes me push harder because of the fact that they had to deal with life a lot worse than I had to. I might feel pressure to succeed but never did I knew from the beginning, as soon as I was able to talk, The negative aspect in being a human resource manager is the worst feeling in any profession. The act of telling someone that has a wife and children that they are not needed not because of their work performance but because of the cutbacks of major corporations and businesses is something that hurts your conscience. This is something that does not only effect the employee but it effects the employer. I am going to work to change this aspect in the job. My philosophy on this subject is going to be no termination of a job unless it is absolutely necessary. My goal as long as I am in this profession is not to fire a single worker. I feel when people are secure of their jobs they work faster, work harder, and work better. Even though this might be far fetched I will try to complete this goal for as long as I can. Even though this is not something that I look forward to doing, I know it is something that comes with the territory. I chose this career path based on the business class I took in high school. We went through one chapter based on this profession. This is the only chapter in the business book that I actually ended up reading. This is the point when I knew what I was going to do in my life. This decision effected many aspects of my high school life. For example, this decision helped me choose what colleges I wanted to go to. f the school did not have uman resource management in a list with all of their business degrees than I did not even seem interested to the slightest degree. You read "A Human Resource Manager Dealings" in category "Essay examples" After careful research in salary and job potential along with benefits I knew that I was going to choose this career based on one business class my junior year in high school. The profession of a human resource manager has many divisions. The top executive and managerial positions have to be occupied with someone with a college degree. However there are positions that go under specialist divisions that get paid good money to do minor human resource jobs such as being in payroll or other small departments. There are a lot of specific aspects that are all gone over in college courses. For example, if you work for a company based on finance you need to know all the principles of that subject that is learned in a business college course. This is not something you learn unless you spend many years on the same aspect. In an interview with Mike Sauter, a human resource manager for Duracell in Indianapolis, there was one main subject of the interview centered in one question. What are the physical, mental, and emotional stability†s it takes to Brandon: What made you choose the business field as your major? Mike: In college it was the first thing that caught my attention out of all the majors that my school provided, it was the field that I was positive I could do. Brandon: Did anyone influence you to choose this field? Mike: No, I kind of just decided on my own my freshman year. Brandon: Where did you go to college? Mike: I attended the university of Indiana (Bloomington). Brandon: Did you know the percentages of those who graduated in this field? Mike: I think around 85 percent of the class graduated out of the school of business. Brandon: Did the remaining 15 percent drop out or fail in this field? Mike: I am not sure but I would guess that the majority of those who did not get a degree Brandon: What do you think is the biggest challenge one faces going into this field? Mike: Probably the biggest challenge one faces is trying to be the best in your field. If you are the best then you have the concentration and motivation to succeed. Many people think the biggest challenge is getting hired, but if you are the best then the jobs basically Brandon: What sacrifices does one have to make in order to succeed in this field? Mike: There are so many but, the most influential are the social sacrifices one has to make. You cannot go to every party, you sometimes have to even miss physical workouts, also if your in a relationship you have to separate and sacrifice time or it†s not going to Brandon: What are the best options for those with double majors? Mike: Well, the advantage to having a double major is there are double your chances of having better job opportunities and offers. The disadvantage is all the work. Brandon: If you could change majors, would you choose another field? Mike: Not a chance, I just feel like I know this field to well. Brandon: What do you think is the biggest aspect one needs to know going into this Mike: The biggest aspect is just simply knowing what you want to do and know that you Brandon: What benefits come out of the field of business? Mike: It all depends on the company. Benefits can have many different ranges such as dental plans up to medical benefits. My job is to decide what would best help the Brandon: What are the ranges of salaries for a human resource manager? Mike: The range of salaries depends on how many employees you have. If you have thousands of employees, than you could make up to 90 to 120 thousand dollars a year. Brandon: What are the ranges of salaries for a person in finance? Mike: I am not to sure about someone in finance but, I would guess that their salaries could range up in the high thousands. Brandon: Where did you spend your internship? Mike: I actually spent my internship at Walmart, doing stuff like payroll and attendance, Brandon: What are the starting salaries like for a human resource manager? Mike: It all depends on the type of position you are in. You could be just coming out of college and finishing your internship and still have over a thousand employees under you. Brandon: Are you satisfied with your salary? Mike: I am very satisfied, I feel that all my hard work paid off and deserving. Brandon: Why did you choose to become a human resource manager? Mike: When I was looking through the tasks in business I felt like I knew this area already, and it was so familiar that I knew I could succeed. Brandon: How much time of your job do you spend yearly? Mike: I spend over 11 months. This is a profession that requires daily attendance, and I must be the person who sets good examples for the other workers. Brandon: Is this a job that requires a lot of overtime work? Mike: It doesn†t require a lot but, on any given day you can work about one or two hours Brandon: What is the biggest task for a human resource manager? Mike: The hardest thing in this field is after getting to know and trust an employee, telling that same person that they are no longer needed in this business. After that you realize that these people have families to feed also but, there is nothing more you can do. It is the hardest thing I ever had to do but, it is the path I chose. Brandon: What are the physical, mental, and emotional stability†s does it take to Mike: The physical part is to be able to get up every morning and expect something different every time you put a suit on to go to work, and being able to handle it. The ental part is believing in your self enough to know that you can be the best, and make a difference in the work place. The emotional part is trusting the people you work with and hoping that we as a team can help each other succeed. I have a very positive opinion of college it seems to be everything I expected. I am taking time to get use to Indiana but I am still having fun while doing it. The time I spend at Ball State University has all been worth it and I do not really plan on leaving to transfer to another school anytime soon. Being at a university like this one is everything I expected since I first visited almost nothing has changed. I knew I was going to choose this school as one of my top choices when I saw it had my major. I made my final decision when I came to visit. The main challenge that faces me now is getting through all the hard courses, and pressures that come with graduating from college. Other these obstacles I think I should be better than fine. Whatever is ahead of me, whatever size problem it seems to be, I know I will be ready for it. Before I get through with a degree in human resource management I need to get use to and practice with this career. I will be working at the Washington Wizards arena the MCI Center. This should be an excellent experience for me mainly because I can decide whether or not I want to be doing this for the rest of my life. This is great timing because I can change career paths if I do not like this type of career. I will be working under someone whose position I will hopefully be in after I graduate college. I will be doing work that employees that do not have a college degree such as handling payroll for example. The main difference between training for a career and pursuing an education is being well skilled in either one subject or in all subjects of a profession. The act of being trained or a job and not going to college has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that you get money faster and you do not have to waste time and money on a college education when you can be working the next day. The disadvantages are that without a college education your job can be replaced easier with someone who was taught the same job but more thoroughly, and with a college education it is easier to get a job with a higher â€Å"Under the general direction of the CEO and COO, this position creates and implements Human Resources programs including, but not limited to, recruitment, employee evelopment, compensation and benefits, management development, employee training and employee relations (www. hrm. org).† After the interview Mr. Sauter wished me luck and surely let me know what was ahead and the problems I had to deal with. I realized that being a human resource manager is hard work mentally, physically, and emotionally. However, I also realized that facing problems and obstacles is what life is all about and I am going to have to handle it at one time or another. I also realized that for me it is now do or die and I must confront all challenges to the best of my ability. 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Finance How Tax Can Reduce Inequality

Question: Describe about the Finance for How tax can reduce inequality ? Answer: The table represents the variation of dwellings from the year 1801 to 2013. Fewer dwellings were recorded in the extreme past years, and this has changed over the years. The number has grown gradually from 1,937 in 1801 to 27,151 in 2013. Between the period of 1801 to 1951, the dwelling places were solid (they were not divided into tenure types). The first divisions were recorded in 1951. The tenure types in which the dwellings were divided were two; they could either be occupied by owners or they can be rented. Renting is further divided into three divisions based on the party the dwelling was rented from. These are; private renting, from housing associations and local authorities. However, renting from housing associations started in 1981. There is a rising trend in the change of all dwellings. The trend for dwellings occupied by owners had been rising from 1951 to 2011, but there was a fall in number across the year 2013. The trend for private renting fell from 1951 to 1991, but it has been rising since 2001. There is a rising trend for dwelling rented from housing associations, with the highest increase recorded between 2001 and 2011. This is a 64.65% increase from 2001. There was a rising trend for dwelling rented from local authorities until 1981 when the trend started falling. From 1991, there is a rising trend in owners occupied, private renting, and renting from housing associations, and a falling trend in renting from local authorities. The recorded number of all dwellings in 1961 was an increase of 17.97% from 1951. This is the highest increase of all the periods. The information provided is covering more than two centuries. The change in the total number of all dwellings is greater in the second century (19th century) than in the first (18th century). The highest increase in owners occupied dwellings was between 1981 and 1991. The increase was by 26.97%. The highest increase in private renting was by 91.60% in the period between 2001 and 2011. From 1951, the tenure types remained to be three until 1981 when the 1st record of the 4th type was made. Assignment B Governments decision making is highly influenced by the stimulation of economic growth. During periods of low economic growth, expansionary fiscal policies are implemented by the government. This includes increments in government spending and cutting of taxes. This increases the amount of income available to households. However, since the economy operates in cycles such that at times it can be in an inflationary situation, contractionary fiscal policies are also used. This includes cutting of government spending and raising of taxes. In order to induce some income distribution in an economy, the government sets different taxation rates for individuals with different income groups. Those with a high income are required to pay more in taxes than the low-income class. Their tax rate is way high. There are three classes of tax rates; the high rate for the rich, the lower rate for the middle-income groups and the lowest rate for the low-income group (Congressional Budget Office, 2014). According to Election2015.ifs.org.uk (2015), the working age households with low income and the richest people have lost much through taxation. The rich contributes over three times in tax than what they receive from public spending. Public spending offers the 20 % poorest much benefits of over five times of their contribution in taxes (HM Treasury, 2014). This is referred to progressive taxation which is a tool for income redistribution by the government (Carter and Matthews, n.d.). When making decisions concerning the tax rates to impose to the different groups, the government has to take into consideration some important factor. The goal of the government is the elimination of poverty in the nation, charging higher taxes to the low income would cause them to fall into a poverty trap (Newman and O'Brien, 2011). This is one of the factors that have to be considered. When formulating the optimal income taxation, family size consideration if crucial. The government considers the income of every individual worker and their number of children, while ignoring their productivity (Cremer, Pestieau and Dellis, 2001). The marginal tax rate tends to decrease with the number of kids. However, this marginal rate is zero for parents with income ability. Family allowances and income tax breaks benefits many families with children in many countries. Households, in order to receive the tax credit, are required to report changes in their income and family size (Irs.gov, 2014). During periods of low inflation, cutting of taxes benefits the high-income group more. More money flows to them as compared to the low amounts that flow to the poor. Corporations benefits much from reduced taxation as the public has more income to raise their demand for goods and services raising the profits for the corporations (Infoplease.com, n.d.). Self-evaluation I have got to grips with best the part of describing a table. I require no help with any part, so we can progress with the module. Bibliography Carter, A. and Matthews, S. (n.d.). How tax can reduce inequality - OECD Observer. [Online] Oecdobserver.org. Available at: https://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3782/How_tax_can_reduce_inequality.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2016]. Cremer, H., Pestieau, P. and Dellis, A. (2001). Family Size and Optimal Income Taxation. [Online] Available at: https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/serien/e/CORE/dp2001-21.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Congressional Budget Office, (2014). The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2011. [Online] Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Election2015.ifs.org.uk, (2015). Distributional Analysis - Election 2015 - IFS. [Online] Available at: https://election2015.ifs.org.uk/distributional-analysis [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. HM Treasury, (2014). Impact on households: Distributional analysis to accompany Budget 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/293738/budget_2014_distributional_analysis.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Infoplease.com, (n.d.). Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: Government's Unique Situation. [Online] Available at: https://www.infoplease.com/cig/economics/government-unique-situation.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2016]. Irs.gov, (2014). Changes in Circumstances can affect your Premium Tax Credit. [Online] Available at: https://www.irs.gov/Affordable-Care-Act/Changes-in-Circumstances-can-Affect-your-Premium-Tax-Credit [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Newman, K. and O'Brien, R. (2011). Taxing the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press. OECD, (2012). Income inequality and growth: The role of taxes and transfers. [Online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/49417295.pdf [Accessed 25 Feb. 2016]. OECD (2010), Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth, Tax Policy Study No 20. Office for National Statistics (2014) Table 102: Dwelling stock by tenure (historical series), Live tables on dwelling stock (including vacants), Office for National Statistics [Online]. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-dwelling-stock-including-vacants (Accessed 23 Feb. 2016).