Carol Karlsen s The Devil - 1692 Words

Name Class Professor June 22, 2015 Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was written to provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the â€Å"witch† in colonial New England. During the early colonial period, pilgrims lived in a male-dominated society and the classical witch hunts were conducted in an attempt to maintain this societal structure. Since these hunts were placed under a religious guise, it was simple for these individuals to act as if they were maintaining the safety and justice of society. Karlsen explains that in many instances, women who were labelled as witches were often females that had managed to acquire great economic and social status and society. In fear of these women, the neighborhood targeted them and called them witches to weaken their power. Independent of guilt, women who were accused of witchcraft could not possibly recovered. If they claimed their innocence, they would be stoned or burned to dea th because the counsel would decide that they were not being truthful. If they admitted to their guilt, their place in society would be marred and they would be embarrassed for partaking in these evil acts. Through this violence, men have been able to maintain their place in Puritan society. In her book, Karlsen aims to provide the reader new insight into the witch trials, demonstrating the societal, rather than religious causes for this well-known historic tragedy. KarlsenShow MoreRelatedThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay examples641 Words   |  3 PagesThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Carol Karlsen was born in 1940. She is currently a professor in the history department a the University of Michigan. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D, 1980), she has taught history and women’s study courses at Union College and Bard College. In this book Carol Karlsen reveals the social construction of witchcraft in 17th century New England, and brings forth the portrait of gender in the New England Society. The books thesis is based onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Devil On The Shape Of A Woman By Carol Karlsen Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, Carol Karlsen who was a Professor of History and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan had a different take on the trials. Karlsen wrote The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England in 1987, a book examining the role of women in the Salem Witch Trials. Karlsen was â€Å"concerned with the meaning of witchcraft for New England’s first settlers†¦ and why most witches in early American society were women.† Karlsen obviously felt that there was a disparity ofRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 Pagesdecided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did what they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place and why they reached the magnitude that they did. The theories put fourth by Karlsen of a society that accusations against women as witches explain the trail, and Rosenthals ideas of discourseRead MoreWitchcraft Hysteria By Laurie Winn Carlson1307 Words   |  6 PagesAs Peter S Beagle says, â€Å"You ever want to see real witchcraft, you watch people protecting their comfort, their beliefs.† This quote is saying if you want to truly understand someone, learn about what they believe in. It all began in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The accusations toward people who were thought to be witches was on the rise. These would not be the kind of witches a person would think about in today s world, but women and men who were put on trial for witchcraft hysteria, which inRead MoreThe Hysteria of Salem Witchcraft Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican colonies alone there were over 100 witchcraft trials alone, were 40 percent of the accused were executed. Now two professors, Carol F. Karlsen of history and Kai T. Erikson of sociology, examine the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria to see if it was caused by a fear of women and give two entirely different interpretations. The first professor, Carol F. Karlsen, agreed that the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria was caused by a fear of women. She agrees that the belief in the Puritian culture, that Read MoreEssay about Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof who was designated a witch was gender, in fact eighty percent of all those killed were women. Of those women, females who were spinsters or widows, rather than wives or mothers were represented disproportionately among the witches. In the 1800s, imprisoned women suffered the same terrible conditions as their male counterparts, yet they were not allowed to go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards , but rather were brought needlework and food and forced to remain in their cells. In theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1297 Words   |  6 Pagesalongside her working the devil against the Puritans. As chaos spread through Salem and the rest of Massachusetts, a large number of others were accused (about 200 plus people were accused), including Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse– who were highly respected members of the church and community–and the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good. After Tituba’s alleged confession, many others of the accused witches had â€Å"confessed† to performing acts of witchcraft and to â€Å"signing the devil s book.† The trials againstRead MoreAnalysis of the Salem Witch Trials2099 Words   |  8 PagesPuritans that comprised the colony of Salem, Massachusetts, were extremely religious, attributing biblical meaning to all aspects of their lives and being accustomed to personify the devil (Kocić, 2010). Specifically, church elders strongly believed that their congregation was superlatively righteous and for this reason the devil would try to target it with attacks in all forms , hence it was impressed upon the community to be vigilant against any signs of his presence. Such signs were subject to interpretationRead MoreNineteenth Century Americ A Bleak Portrayal Of The Sociopolitical Scene3092 Words   |  13 Pagesconsidered sexless, the impression of the woman as the devil’s tool was inevitable. Women were expected to seek purification through the church, which was almost shielded by men. The result of sin was severe punishment, which often involved execution. Karlsen suggests that the execution of many women aged forty and above was connected to the notion that these women did not fit the ideal puritan society because they could not be groomed into obedient wives to their men (07). As a result, majority of theRead MoreIn Depth Research of Witchcraft Essay3980 Words   |  16 Pageswitchcraft, Meghan Lewis and Carol Karlsen. Witchcraft the religion is quite old. Practices have said to be dated back to Neolithic Stone Age cave painting, but it is hard to be completely certain if the pictures have been interpreted properly. Witchcraft is known to have grown out of pre-Christian pagan beliefs. The beliefs have developed over the years, being taken from various sources. The idea of witchcraft took a major turn around the end of the mid-evil period. Around the 1500s the religion of witchcraft

A Human Resource Manager Dealings Free Essays

string(88) " of their business degrees than I did not even seem interested to the slightest degree\." Human resources management deals with the theories, concepts, and practices that enable organizations to attract and retain employees. Human resource managers are responsible for designing effective compensation systems. They must be aware of the most recent laws and regulations governing what managers can and cannot do, and they must apply nondiscriminatory recruiting, selection, promotion, and pay standards. We will write a custom essay sample on A Human Resource Manager Dealings or any similar topic only for you Order Now New and important developments in advanced industrial societies have created additional challenges in human resource management, resulting in increased opportunities in such areas as ersonnel management, labor relations, labor and employment law, and compensation and employee benefits. Another of the business fields most important areas is finance. Finance is the study of how individuals and organizations make decisions about short-term and long-term investments and how these investments are financed. This major teaches theoretical and practical aspects of financial management. The general aspect is to explain how financial techniques can solve some of societies most important problems. Human resource management and finance our main aspects in the educational field of business, hat cannot be disregarded in a business society. I chose the profession of a human resource manager so I could basically have control in what I do in the business type atmosphere. This profession has many different departments in a business and the managers of those departments have a lot of control in how they run their departments. These departments consist of employee relations, organizational development, compensation, benefits, labor relations, and functions management also known as a generalist. All the managers of these departments in a corporation are very well paid. I become more anxious to start working in this business field as I keep learning Money has played a major role in my decision to choose this profession. The salaries all depend upon the company. For example in the division of organizational development the starting salary is 52,000 dollars out of college. After three years it is 82,000 dollars. Four more years it is more than 120,000 dollars. This was a major influence in the decision of making human resource management a career choice. In the career of business no matter what your major is the concept or center that the business world revolves around is he act of dealing with money. After careful studying of these career paths and choices I have come to the conclusion that money makes all the difference in the world. At the salary rate and employee benefits of the profession makes this job one that can last a full Although it requires a lot of hard work the profession of being a human resource manager is one that leaves great financial standing to support a family and good retirement funds. The idea of having money is not all about having it for yourself. Many people who criticize others for looking for a career with good financial standing assume that person ants money for themselves. Many people use money as an influence for choosing their careers are thinking about their future which hopes to consist of a family. This is my motive, I want my family, just like everyone else to live life better than I did so I can show that hard work pays off. Selfishness has nothing to do with anything, the future has everything to do with it. I really want this career to lasts for me as long as it can. The more financial support that I have as a result of being in this field is for the better to I really felt no pressure in choosing this career, I made this choice on my own and I hoose to stick with it. I did not feel any pressure to attend college I knew I had to go to college mainly because of influence of the society I grew up in. My parents are both equally successful in the way that they are both bosses in their career. This is what I use as my motivation in order to succeed just like both of them. It actually makes me push harder because of the fact that they had to deal with life a lot worse than I had to. I might feel pressure to succeed but never did I knew from the beginning, as soon as I was able to talk, The negative aspect in being a human resource manager is the worst feeling in any profession. The act of telling someone that has a wife and children that they are not needed not because of their work performance but because of the cutbacks of major corporations and businesses is something that hurts your conscience. This is something that does not only effect the employee but it effects the employer. I am going to work to change this aspect in the job. My philosophy on this subject is going to be no termination of a job unless it is absolutely necessary. My goal as long as I am in this profession is not to fire a single worker. I feel when people are secure of their jobs they work faster, work harder, and work better. Even though this might be far fetched I will try to complete this goal for as long as I can. Even though this is not something that I look forward to doing, I know it is something that comes with the territory. I chose this career path based on the business class I took in high school. We went through one chapter based on this profession. This is the only chapter in the business book that I actually ended up reading. This is the point when I knew what I was going to do in my life. This decision effected many aspects of my high school life. For example, this decision helped me choose what colleges I wanted to go to. f the school did not have uman resource management in a list with all of their business degrees than I did not even seem interested to the slightest degree. You read "A Human Resource Manager Dealings" in category "Essay examples" After careful research in salary and job potential along with benefits I knew that I was going to choose this career based on one business class my junior year in high school. The profession of a human resource manager has many divisions. The top executive and managerial positions have to be occupied with someone with a college degree. However there are positions that go under specialist divisions that get paid good money to do minor human resource jobs such as being in payroll or other small departments. There are a lot of specific aspects that are all gone over in college courses. For example, if you work for a company based on finance you need to know all the principles of that subject that is learned in a business college course. This is not something you learn unless you spend many years on the same aspect. In an interview with Mike Sauter, a human resource manager for Duracell in Indianapolis, there was one main subject of the interview centered in one question. What are the physical, mental, and emotional stability†s it takes to Brandon: What made you choose the business field as your major? Mike: In college it was the first thing that caught my attention out of all the majors that my school provided, it was the field that I was positive I could do. Brandon: Did anyone influence you to choose this field? Mike: No, I kind of just decided on my own my freshman year. Brandon: Where did you go to college? Mike: I attended the university of Indiana (Bloomington). Brandon: Did you know the percentages of those who graduated in this field? Mike: I think around 85 percent of the class graduated out of the school of business. Brandon: Did the remaining 15 percent drop out or fail in this field? Mike: I am not sure but I would guess that the majority of those who did not get a degree Brandon: What do you think is the biggest challenge one faces going into this field? Mike: Probably the biggest challenge one faces is trying to be the best in your field. If you are the best then you have the concentration and motivation to succeed. Many people think the biggest challenge is getting hired, but if you are the best then the jobs basically Brandon: What sacrifices does one have to make in order to succeed in this field? Mike: There are so many but, the most influential are the social sacrifices one has to make. You cannot go to every party, you sometimes have to even miss physical workouts, also if your in a relationship you have to separate and sacrifice time or it†s not going to Brandon: What are the best options for those with double majors? Mike: Well, the advantage to having a double major is there are double your chances of having better job opportunities and offers. The disadvantage is all the work. Brandon: If you could change majors, would you choose another field? Mike: Not a chance, I just feel like I know this field to well. Brandon: What do you think is the biggest aspect one needs to know going into this Mike: The biggest aspect is just simply knowing what you want to do and know that you Brandon: What benefits come out of the field of business? Mike: It all depends on the company. Benefits can have many different ranges such as dental plans up to medical benefits. My job is to decide what would best help the Brandon: What are the ranges of salaries for a human resource manager? Mike: The range of salaries depends on how many employees you have. If you have thousands of employees, than you could make up to 90 to 120 thousand dollars a year. Brandon: What are the ranges of salaries for a person in finance? Mike: I am not to sure about someone in finance but, I would guess that their salaries could range up in the high thousands. Brandon: Where did you spend your internship? Mike: I actually spent my internship at Walmart, doing stuff like payroll and attendance, Brandon: What are the starting salaries like for a human resource manager? Mike: It all depends on the type of position you are in. You could be just coming out of college and finishing your internship and still have over a thousand employees under you. Brandon: Are you satisfied with your salary? Mike: I am very satisfied, I feel that all my hard work paid off and deserving. Brandon: Why did you choose to become a human resource manager? Mike: When I was looking through the tasks in business I felt like I knew this area already, and it was so familiar that I knew I could succeed. Brandon: How much time of your job do you spend yearly? Mike: I spend over 11 months. This is a profession that requires daily attendance, and I must be the person who sets good examples for the other workers. Brandon: Is this a job that requires a lot of overtime work? Mike: It doesn†t require a lot but, on any given day you can work about one or two hours Brandon: What is the biggest task for a human resource manager? Mike: The hardest thing in this field is after getting to know and trust an employee, telling that same person that they are no longer needed in this business. After that you realize that these people have families to feed also but, there is nothing more you can do. It is the hardest thing I ever had to do but, it is the path I chose. Brandon: What are the physical, mental, and emotional stability†s does it take to Mike: The physical part is to be able to get up every morning and expect something different every time you put a suit on to go to work, and being able to handle it. The ental part is believing in your self enough to know that you can be the best, and make a difference in the work place. The emotional part is trusting the people you work with and hoping that we as a team can help each other succeed. I have a very positive opinion of college it seems to be everything I expected. I am taking time to get use to Indiana but I am still having fun while doing it. The time I spend at Ball State University has all been worth it and I do not really plan on leaving to transfer to another school anytime soon. Being at a university like this one is everything I expected since I first visited almost nothing has changed. I knew I was going to choose this school as one of my top choices when I saw it had my major. I made my final decision when I came to visit. The main challenge that faces me now is getting through all the hard courses, and pressures that come with graduating from college. Other these obstacles I think I should be better than fine. Whatever is ahead of me, whatever size problem it seems to be, I know I will be ready for it. Before I get through with a degree in human resource management I need to get use to and practice with this career. I will be working at the Washington Wizards arena the MCI Center. This should be an excellent experience for me mainly because I can decide whether or not I want to be doing this for the rest of my life. This is great timing because I can change career paths if I do not like this type of career. I will be working under someone whose position I will hopefully be in after I graduate college. I will be doing work that employees that do not have a college degree such as handling payroll for example. The main difference between training for a career and pursuing an education is being well skilled in either one subject or in all subjects of a profession. The act of being trained or a job and not going to college has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that you get money faster and you do not have to waste time and money on a college education when you can be working the next day. The disadvantages are that without a college education your job can be replaced easier with someone who was taught the same job but more thoroughly, and with a college education it is easier to get a job with a higher â€Å"Under the general direction of the CEO and COO, this position creates and implements Human Resources programs including, but not limited to, recruitment, employee evelopment, compensation and benefits, management development, employee training and employee relations (www. hrm. org).† After the interview Mr. Sauter wished me luck and surely let me know what was ahead and the problems I had to deal with. I realized that being a human resource manager is hard work mentally, physically, and emotionally. However, I also realized that facing problems and obstacles is what life is all about and I am going to have to handle it at one time or another. I also realized that for me it is now do or die and I must confront all challenges to the best of my ability. How to cite A Human Resource Manager Dealings, Essay examples

Finance How Tax Can Reduce Inequality

Question: Describe about the Finance for How tax can reduce inequality ? Answer: The table represents the variation of dwellings from the year 1801 to 2013. Fewer dwellings were recorded in the extreme past years, and this has changed over the years. The number has grown gradually from 1,937 in 1801 to 27,151 in 2013. Between the period of 1801 to 1951, the dwelling places were solid (they were not divided into tenure types). The first divisions were recorded in 1951. The tenure types in which the dwellings were divided were two; they could either be occupied by owners or they can be rented. Renting is further divided into three divisions based on the party the dwelling was rented from. These are; private renting, from housing associations and local authorities. However, renting from housing associations started in 1981. There is a rising trend in the change of all dwellings. The trend for dwellings occupied by owners had been rising from 1951 to 2011, but there was a fall in number across the year 2013. The trend for private renting fell from 1951 to 1991, but it has been rising since 2001. There is a rising trend for dwelling rented from housing associations, with the highest increase recorded between 2001 and 2011. This is a 64.65% increase from 2001. There was a rising trend for dwelling rented from local authorities until 1981 when the trend started falling. From 1991, there is a rising trend in owners occupied, private renting, and renting from housing associations, and a falling trend in renting from local authorities. The recorded number of all dwellings in 1961 was an increase of 17.97% from 1951. This is the highest increase of all the periods. The information provided is covering more than two centuries. The change in the total number of all dwellings is greater in the second century (19th century) than in the first (18th century). The highest increase in owners occupied dwellings was between 1981 and 1991. The increase was by 26.97%. The highest increase in private renting was by 91.60% in the period between 2001 and 2011. From 1951, the tenure types remained to be three until 1981 when the 1st record of the 4th type was made. Assignment B Governments decision making is highly influenced by the stimulation of economic growth. During periods of low economic growth, expansionary fiscal policies are implemented by the government. This includes increments in government spending and cutting of taxes. This increases the amount of income available to households. However, since the economy operates in cycles such that at times it can be in an inflationary situation, contractionary fiscal policies are also used. This includes cutting of government spending and raising of taxes. In order to induce some income distribution in an economy, the government sets different taxation rates for individuals with different income groups. Those with a high income are required to pay more in taxes than the low-income class. Their tax rate is way high. There are three classes of tax rates; the high rate for the rich, the lower rate for the middle-income groups and the lowest rate for the low-income group (Congressional Budget Office, 2014). According to Election2015.ifs.org.uk (2015), the working age households with low income and the richest people have lost much through taxation. The rich contributes over three times in tax than what they receive from public spending. Public spending offers the 20 % poorest much benefits of over five times of their contribution in taxes (HM Treasury, 2014). This is referred to progressive taxation which is a tool for income redistribution by the government (Carter and Matthews, n.d.). When making decisions concerning the tax rates to impose to the different groups, the government has to take into consideration some important factor. The goal of the government is the elimination of poverty in the nation, charging higher taxes to the low income would cause them to fall into a poverty trap (Newman and O'Brien, 2011). This is one of the factors that have to be considered. When formulating the optimal income taxation, family size consideration if crucial. The government considers the income of every individual worker and their number of children, while ignoring their productivity (Cremer, Pestieau and Dellis, 2001). The marginal tax rate tends to decrease with the number of kids. However, this marginal rate is zero for parents with income ability. Family allowances and income tax breaks benefits many families with children in many countries. Households, in order to receive the tax credit, are required to report changes in their income and family size (Irs.gov, 2014). During periods of low inflation, cutting of taxes benefits the high-income group more. More money flows to them as compared to the low amounts that flow to the poor. Corporations benefits much from reduced taxation as the public has more income to raise their demand for goods and services raising the profits for the corporations (Infoplease.com, n.d.). Self-evaluation I have got to grips with best the part of describing a table. I require no help with any part, so we can progress with the module. Bibliography Carter, A. and Matthews, S. (n.d.). How tax can reduce inequality - OECD Observer. [Online] Oecdobserver.org. Available at: https://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3782/How_tax_can_reduce_inequality.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2016]. Cremer, H., Pestieau, P. and Dellis, A. (2001). Family Size and Optimal Income Taxation. [Online] Available at: https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/serien/e/CORE/dp2001-21.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Congressional Budget Office, (2014). The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2011. [Online] Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49440 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Election2015.ifs.org.uk, (2015). Distributional Analysis - Election 2015 - IFS. [Online] Available at: https://election2015.ifs.org.uk/distributional-analysis [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. HM Treasury, (2014). Impact on households: Distributional analysis to accompany Budget 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/293738/budget_2014_distributional_analysis.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Infoplease.com, (n.d.). Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: Government's Unique Situation. [Online] Available at: https://www.infoplease.com/cig/economics/government-unique-situation.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2016]. Irs.gov, (2014). Changes in Circumstances can affect your Premium Tax Credit. [Online] Available at: https://www.irs.gov/Affordable-Care-Act/Changes-in-Circumstances-can-Affect-your-Premium-Tax-Credit [Accessed 24 Feb. 2016]. Newman, K. and O'Brien, R. (2011). Taxing the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press. OECD, (2012). Income inequality and growth: The role of taxes and transfers. [Online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/49417295.pdf [Accessed 25 Feb. 2016]. OECD (2010), Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth, Tax Policy Study No 20. Office for National Statistics (2014) Table 102: Dwelling stock by tenure (historical series), Live tables on dwelling stock (including vacants), Office for National Statistics [Online]. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-dwelling-stock-including-vacants (Accessed 23 Feb. 2016).

To fix the problem Essay Example

To fix the problem Essay The task is to fix the problem of the car companys storage problem, using either excel or access. To gather full information, I researched the problem by going round the company showrooms and asking relevant questions to both the salesman and the manager. I have tried to ask them questions about the weaknesses of their data storage and the strengths. I can then see what needs to be improved and make the database as effective as possible. The questions will also give me an insight of what is needed in the database and I will use the internet and books to answer the questions. I presented the software to them, Excel and Access.ExcelExcel is a spreadsheet and has the ability to create, analyse and share data quickly.Excel can be used as a database but it has severe limitations and is more useful for maing graphs and calculations.AccessAccess is a powerful database for analysing and managing data. It is suitable to both powerful users and first time users. New users can use the tools to help them while the more powerful users can integrate with the database.It has many abilities: the ability to validate data, the ability to sort by date, numeric or alphabetical options, the ability to then create standard letters from the sorted data, the ability to perform searches and the ability to create queries etc. its main advantage is the simplicity and the many output it has such as reports and forms.Access is a fantastic database which can be used by new and experienced usersHere is a list of questions I asked:TO THE MANAGER1) What is your current storage of data?Currently we have all our data stored on paper2) Are you happy with this system?No, no particularly. The data isnt safe, it can be lost easily. All we can do id make copies, but we dont want the paper to get loose.3) Are you scared that data might fall in the wrong hands?Yes definitely, this is one of our biggest problems; we dont want other people to see out details4) I have a proposition for you, I am willing t o design you a better type of storage using ICT, and would you accept this?Well, I no how important our data is and I want my system to improve. Ok, ill accept.5) I have 2 different types of software for you, a spreadsheet and a database. Which would you prefer?After looking at this, I think that access looks better. It seems to have many features which are useful to us and I think this would definitely be the best out of the three. I personally know how to use access and am comfortable with it so I think it will be the best.6) Currently, how many computers have you got?Unfortunately we only have 2.7) Do you have access?Yes we do.To the salesmen/women1) Do you think the current system is good?2) Do you think the current system is safe?3) Would you prefer a better storage system?4) Are you comfortable with excel?5) Are you comfortable with access?6) Are you comfortable with lotus?7) What are you most comfortable with?From the questions I asked, I have discovered the areas which need to be improved. From the questions I asked, I found out that the company had only 2 computers with but they did have access. The system they are currently using is using paper. The problem is that the data is not safe and takes long to access.The possible solutions were either using spreadsheets or a database. With the spreadsheet, a lot of data could be stored and it could be sorted easily. But a database can be protected (by using a password) and it is better as the customer can see a picture of the car as well as seeing much clearer data. It might take longer on the spreadsheet as the data is not as clear, with the database you could probably search for the right car by typing just 1 word. It looks much more professional some of the staff are comfortable with a database. Excel can be used as a database but it has severe limitations. In Access, you can do complex searches (called Queries, produce quality Reports and convenient data entry forms. You can also improve your database b y making it relational. Excel is more suited to performing calculations or data modelling functions.A relational database application such as Access is better than a Flat File database program, such as Information Workshop or Excel because it can mean spending less time on data entry and fewer errors. So therefore access is the best to choose.I now know that they would benefit mostly from a database as it would make life easier and is the right sort of data for their problem. A database would be a preferred solution as it is quick, easy, and safer and many of the salesmen know how to use databases.Knowing which kind of method to use, I revisited the company and asked them what pieces of information they would like in the database.So from my research, I have found out that a database is the preferred solution for there data problem because a database is quick, easy ,safe and all of the employees will be able to use a database. A database will be the best solution as they could add ca rs and take away cars which have been sold.Databases are an advantage because:* They allow large amounts of information to be stored in a relatively small space.* Information can be quickly and easily retrieved from the database (much quicker than searching a filing cabinet).* Data can be re-sorted very quickly into any desired sequence.* Information can be kept up-to-date with very little effort.My objectives had been set, set-up a simple database, containing data such and bhp and price, which all the users could use, so that the company could quickly sell their cars and make money. I had to make a database where data can easily be added and removed.The data will come from the actual car showroom. For the first set of cars, the details of the cars will be transferred from the paper into the database. Any new cars that come into the showroom, will have there details put on a specially designed form (in the design section).

Charles Goodyear - The History of Vulcanized Rubber

Charles Goodyear - The History of Vulcanized Rubber Caoutchouc was the name for rubber used by the Indians of Central and South America. History of Caoutchouc Besides pencil erasers, rubber was used for many other products, however, the products were not standing up to extreme temperatures, becoming brittle in winter. During the 1830s, many inventors tried to develop a rubber product that could last year-round. Charles Goodyear was one of those inventors, whose experiments put Goodyear into debt and involved in several patent lawsuits. Charles Goodyear In 1843, Charles Goodyear discovered that if you removed the sulfur from rubber then heated it, it would retain its elasticity. This process called vulcanization made rubber waterproof and winter-proof and opened the door for an enormous market for rubber goods. Rubber Bands - On March 17, 1845, the first rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London, made from vulcanized rubber. Perry owned the manufacturing company Messers Perry and Co., of London, England.Elastic FabricsEraserHeelHoseRubber Soled ShoesRubber Stamp InventionBalloonsTiresVulcanized Rubber On June 24, 1844, Charles Goodyear was granted patent #3,633 for vulcanized rubber.

Easter Celebrations Origins and Customs

Easter Celebrations Origins and Customs The meaning of the many different customs observed during Easter Sunday have been buried with time. Their origins lie in both pre-Christian religions and Christianity. In one way or another all the customs are a salute to spring marking re-birth. The white Easter lily has come to capture the glory of the holiday. The word Easter is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring. A festival was held in her honor every year at the vernal equinox. People celebrate Easter according to their beliefs and their religious denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Jesus Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected. Protestant settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering at dawn, to the United States. Who is the Easter Bunny? The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the Easter Hare, hares and rabbits have frequent multiple births so they became a symbol of fertility. The custom of an Easter egg hunt began because children believed that hares laid eggs in the grass. The Romans believed that All life comes from an egg. Christians consider eggs to be the seed of life and so they are symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Why we dye, or color, and decorate eggs is not certain. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Persia eggs were dyed for spring festivals. In medieval Europe, beautifully decorated eggs were given as gifts. Easter Egg Photo Gallery Continue Egg Rolling In England, Germany and some other countries, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christs tomb when he was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to the New World. Dolly Madison - Queen of Egg Rolling Easter Parades Good Friday is a federal holiday in 16 states and many schools and businesses throughout the U.S. are closed on this Friday. Continue Strange Easter Patents

Critical Thinking Questions - Week 4 (675) Assignment

Critical Thinking Questions - Week 4 (675) - Assignment Example Alterations in the material that a particular student learns may differ with that of another learner in a different content area. Every learner is unique. They vary in numerous ways such as physical traits, cognitive aptitudes, experiences, social settings, backgrounds and personalities. Teaching experience and contemporary research postulates that every brain has a distinct state and experiences impact from previous experiences. With such knowledge, success-oriented teachers understand that students cannot go through the same education plan. Research and experience ensues to present insights regarding the human brain. Every learner is unique and has exclusive opportunities. It is, thus, reasonable that every learner learns differently and has different preferences, wants, interests and likes. This addresses the need for differentiated instruction in learning institutions (Tomlinson, 2001). It is pertinent to consider a learner’s background when examining and designing a lesso n framework. The cultural orientation of learners differ with the nature of learning that the culture values and the way the culture understands the learning concept. When structuring the lesson, it is paramount to determine how different students’ backgrounds may implicate on dynamics and learning in the classroom. It is also important for instructors to overlook the possible assessment when designing a lesson structure (Gregory & Chapman, 2013). Determining the method of assessment is essential to knowing the method that would elicit positive feedback in terms of excellence in the classroom. Determining the learner’s background in lesson framework design ensures that the instructor designs a framework that that benefits all students at every level. The best lesson framework is that which aids in the collection of accurate data regarding every student in the classroom, which meets the learning needs of all the learners. The teacher should concentrate on areas where th eir students are not performing as anticipated. Instructors should further emphasize on driving positive improvement in such weak areas to meet the learning needs of each and every learner in the classroom (Gregory, 2008). Through differentiated instruction, the student can perform exemplarily because with the assessment intelligence, the instructor is able to monitor their performance and assess their achievement. Instructors can differentiate product, content and process for learners. Content differentiation refers to an alteration in the material that the student learns. For instance, if the classroom goal is for students to draft persuasive essays, some are learning how to write topic sentences and support sentences, while the others learn how to utilize outside sources and defend their views. Process differentiation inculcates the differentiation of how the learner accesses the learning material. One learner in the classroom may explore a learning centre as the other gathers in formation from the internet. Product differentiation concerns the modification of how the learner depicts what they have learned (Tomlinson, 2001). For instance, in demonstrating a comprehension of a narrative\s plot, one learner may compile a play when the other drafts an account of an event. Teachers should choose differentiation approaches rooted in the proper prospectus and learners’

English Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Questions - Essay Example We see almost the exact opposite situation in â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.† Mitty, the main character, is trying to escape his life, of which his wife is a very disappointing part. He does not even seem to recognize her when she audibly interrupts his airplane daydream. The reader begins to see why Mitty might want to forget his marriage when his interactions with his wife are presented in more detail. She is a bossy woman, who doesn’t seem to understand him at all – or even care about him very much. She commands him to get overshoes, even though he insists he doesn’t need them. And later, when he says he has been thinking, she thinks that he must be sick. It is as if, to Mitty’s wife, he has no life - and no thoughts - apart from her. Two people who are too wrapped up in their own thoughts to care much about the other person are married to each other in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral.† The reader begins to wonder how, or why, the main character and his wife ever got together. He is jealous of her friendship with the blind man – so much so that his wife is afraid he will ruin her friend’s visit. She even questions the narrator’s love for her. It seems that she is emotionally more intimate with the blind man than she is her own husband, and this could explain her husband’s jealousy. In this partnership, we do not see one marriage partner trying to dominate the other. Instead, we see two hopeless people living in the same house. They might be married to each other just because they feel like no one else would want to marry them. Or perhaps they feel that it is their civic duty to get married. This same thinking is the reason Ivan Ilych marries his wife in Tolstoy’s story. Ilych is obsessed with doing the right thing, and getting married is one those things that he thinks is right because society tells him it is. Soon, though, Ilych finds out that marriage is not as pleasant as he originally thought it was going to be, so he decides

Evergreen Investment Essay Example for Free

Evergreen Investment Essay Case Summary This case talks about an American mutual fund company that was facing problems  ·with its CRM system. Sales agents felt that they derived little value from it and also it was time consuming. The company is investigating if it could solve this problem by introducing mobile CRM to be accessed wirelessly on blackberry devices. But what are the key factors that have contributed to the success of mobile CRM initiative at Evergreen? Evergreen investments’ background Evergreen investments are the America’s 25th largest asset management company and 32nd largest investment management in the world. It is headquartered in Boston and Charlotte. The company entrusted with $250 billion in assets, over 350 investment professionals and over 3 million investors. CRM in the past In the past, the company use company-supplied laptops to gain access to CRM system, send Emails to customs and expend reporting and commission tracking. At the same time, the company use mobile phones to give their customs a voice call. Scheduling client calls is another way to build a link with customs. It include informal face-to-face meet. And also, client calls can make company knows the actual sales pitch, discuss market topics with customs, meet new faces and call back-up for data. At last, company update any information in CRM, and participate in evergreen conference call at fixed period. Issues in the past Although the company uses CRM to gain some success, their issues still exist. On the one hand, this method required too much time. The company needs to dial up the Internet, using multiple passwords and entering lengthy data, all of which are time consuming. On the other hand, some information is unavailable when they needed. More specifically, when the company meets the customer, laptops were unavailable. Moreover, the company required the use of internal sales consultant to help them handle the business with customers. At last, entry CRM is not easy, the company usually required 1 day per week and sometimes data is unreliable. Mobile CRM In order to improve the CRM system, the company introduces mobile CRM to be accessed wirelessly on blackberry devices. Blackberry main menu allows for easy access to CRM. Its clicking track wheel allows drill down into any sales number. Initial screens display YTD, MTD, previous day’s sales, or large orders. It enables more detailed data, reports, customer information, and other tasks. Detailed customer screens show single customer information including contact details and sales summary. On the basis of this mobile CRM, the Evergreen Investments’ design greatly improved and the productivity increased as well. The key factors to success The success of the company using mobile CRM due to three factors, easy to use, reliability and updated. More specifically, using the simple method can build an easy way to contact between customers and company. It also makes the company more effective in terms of CRM. In addition, the CRM system should be reliability for both customers and company, which resulting a trusted relationship between customers and company. At last, the company should update their data about their customers. The updated progress should be easy and fast. Potential threats Even if the company uses mobile CRM with an exact way, they may face some potential threats as well. People do not need to come to office, they just need a mobile phone and work wherever they want, which could lead to the low efficiency. They need to handle the relation between family and work. And also this kind of work pattern is not easy for managers to manage their company.

The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack Essay -- Alfred Lord Tennys

The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack ' The Charge of the light Brigade' by Alfred Lord Tennyson and 'Attack' by Siegfried Sassoon are two very dissimilar poems. Both of them are on the same topic of war but have many contrasts in how they treat the subject matter, war. The main difference between these two poems is the audience that they were written for. Tennyson, as poet laureate, was written for public reading, but Sassoon's work which showed more emotion and feeling, was therefore more of a private poem. The poems' tone and mood are very different. Tennyson's poem is a triumphant, victorious and celebratory poem. This is because the Victorians did not want to read about defeat, as it was not considered honourable, so Tennyson praises the men who died in the charge. He writes, "Boldly they rode and well," and, "While horse and hero fell." Tennyson also tells us that they were fearless and did everything without query. " Theirs not to make reply. Theirs not to reason why." In the last verse of the poem Tennyson asks all people to, "Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!" Even in defeat Tennyson portrays the men as heroes. In contrast Sassoon created a sinister and threatening mood. His poem contains a mysterious haunting quality revealing the shocking brutality of what war was really like. Instead of portraying the men who fought as brave and fighting without question, he says they were, "Masked with fear," when they had to go over the top to meet the "Bristling fire". It is clever the way he uses bristling to depict the gunfire because by this he makes out that the gunfire is heavy. He also says, "Lines of grey, muttering faces," which depicts a questioning attitude, which is a com... ...een lines. ' Attack has thirteen lines.) The two poems are written from two points of view, and have very different purposes. Tennyson is reflecting on an event that had happened ten years beforehand and an event that he himself was not involved him. He was writing to commemorate those that had died during the charge. By the way he has written the poem, he seems to think that war was very honourable, even in defeat Sassoon however had experienced war, and really knew what it was like to be in the front line, ( unlike Tennyson). The purpose of his poem was to tell people what war was really like. How it was frightening and sad. He clearly and blatantly had a negative view of war, as he says in his last line, "O Jesus, make it stop!" and thinks of war as dishonourable and futile, " And hope with furtive eyes and grappling fists, flounders in the mud."

Brain functions

Brain provides wider function in terms of biological changes that take place in one person; it is the central nervous system thus, it is responsible to overall functional development of the body. Moreover, the brain serves as the indicator of all the responses made by man, and so, any behavioral and/or psychological development coincides with his mental development. Scientists have made a very significant study on brain functioning of adolescents. A teen’s brain develops more rapidly according to them than what most people thought.Through the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), they have found out that the human brain â€Å"undergoes changes after sensitive period,†1 and develop throughout adolescent. Brain continues to develop until the age of twenty, and this development is remarkable and must be given enough attention by concerned individual, for in this period lies the future of these teens. Many mental health experts believe that these changes that occur in on e’s brain to prepare them to adulthood.2 It is a crucial stage in the development of brain because, along the physiological changes that take place in the brain, the psychological and emotional functioning of an adolescent carries with it also. These health professional had commented that, â€Å"adolescence and young adulthood is a time of great potential for change and development – then policymakers need increasingly to focus in the opportunities for helping and influencing young adults that this crucial stage presents. †3 Biological Changes that Occur in an Adolescent BrainThe brain controls the overall function of the body: the basic instinct, immune system, sexuality, language capacity, and even abstract thinking. Not only has that, even a person’s behavior or responses depended largely on how his brain functions, specifically, his capacity to adapt to changes brought about by external forces. Adolescent period is the turning point in the life of any person to adulthood; many could observe how differently a person when he turns to this period. Not all can understand these changes, even the person himself.In the biological development of the brain, renowned Biologist and Psychologist Jean Piaget observed that â€Å"the developing child builds cognitive structure. †4 He meant the child develops mental ‘maps’ scheme, or network concept for â€Å"understanding and responding to physical experiences with in his or her environment. †5 Piaget confirmed that cognitive structure increases with development moving from instinctive baby responses to highly complex mental activities of adolescence. In his theory6, he identifies four development stages and processes by which children progress through them.These are: 1) the sensorimotor stage (birth – 2years old) is where the child first learns through physical interaction with his or her environment and forms a set of ideas about ‘reality and how it wo rks. 2) The preoperational stage (2-7 years old) is the stage that the child needs ‘concrete physical situation because he can not yet conceptualize abstractly. 3) The concrete operation (7-11 years old), at this ages, the child is able to conceptualize creating ‘logical structures’ that gives him idea of his or her physical experiences.4) The formal operations (11-12 years old), the child already develops cognitive structures like those of an adult which include conceptual reasoning. Piaget further explains that during all development stages, the child experiences his or her environment using whatever mental maps he or she has constructed. By this, he said that repeated experience easily fits or assimilated into child’s cognitive structure that maintains his or her mental equilibrium.But if it is a new experience, the child loses equilibrium and alters cognitive structure to â€Å"accommodate the new conditions. Through this, the child develops more and m ore concrete cognitive structures. †7 Men and women differ in many aspects not only in physical attributes and sexes. They also differ even in the way of solving intellectual problems. The differences accordingly are minimal and were merely consequence of â€Å"variations in experiences during development before and after adolescence.†8 They pointed out that recently, evidence suggests that the effect of sex hormones on brain organization occur so early in life that from the start, the environment is acting on differently wired brains in boys and girls. †9 These then, make evaluating the role of experience independent of physiological disposition which is a difficult task. The basis of biological sex differences in brain and behavior â€Å"have become much better known through increasing numbers of behavioral neurological endocrinological studies. 10 These studies also emphasized that observations show that males are more aggressive than females.Males engage in m ore rough play while females are more ‘nurturing. ’ It was also noted that males are better at a variety of spatial tasks. It concludes that male and female are better differentiated in the â€Å"level of exposure to various sex hormones early in life. †11 According to the studies conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Sowell, Assistant Professor of Neurology Laboratory of New Imaging, UCLA, â€Å"the discoveries particularly of post adolescent frontal lobe motivation provides new insight for interpreting occasionally trouble some behavior.She noted that â€Å"teens in typical western society are notorious for being poor planners, having difficulty interpreting potential consequences of their actions. 12 That these teens have difficulty controlling their emotions and having trouble inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Dr. Sowell pointed out that â€Å"frontal lobes are responsible for planning, organization, and impulse control all functions typically underdeveloped during adolescence. †13 The result of the studies suggested that on-going changes in brain structure play a role.She said that â€Å"patterns of cortical maturation and degeneration between childhood and old age likely to reflect changing behavioral functions and cognitive abilities across the human life span. †14 The study used computerized brain image analyses to create three dimensional maps of gray matter change in the human cerebral cortex across a decades (7-87 years) involving 176 normal individuals and studies with MRI. Findings showed gray matter increase until about age 30. Whereas gray matter is also observed because of synaptic pruning, and continued myelination occurs during adolescent period.Both synaptic pruning and increased myelination are â€Å"cellular changes that result in a more fine tuned efficient brain. †15 It was also observed that pattern of gray matter loss were more rapid between 7 and 60 years old. Results of this study show that the †Å"trajectory of maturation aging effects vary considerably over the cortex with primary visual, auditory and limbic cortices known to myelinate relatively early in development showing a more linear pattern of aging. †16 Psychological Adjustment Due to Changes in BrainA group of health professionals explained some remarkable changes that take place in the behavior of a youth17 such as: sense of independence and exploration; formation of social bonds (they would choose to be with friends than with family members); they have powerful urges for sexual behavior; they have powerful emotional responses; they have greater tendency to acquire high-risk behavior because they cannot sustain with reason their impulsive behavior; youth are also vulnerable to addiction such as drugs and alcohol, their brain is sensitive with these elements; they also have inclination to materialism or consumerism; and in rare instances, some may experience mental illness or psychological disorder especially if the thinning of grey matter is greater, such as in the case of schizophrenia and bipolar. Conclusion Environment should not be blamed for what the behavior manifests in youth. Young people should not also be blamed for they themselves cannot comprehend what is going on inside them.At this crucial stage in their lives, they can experience different impulses and changes in their behavior. Sad to say, many of these youth have gone astray choosing a different path for them, which in turn, did not benefit them at all. Youth is the future of the nation, a country must invest on them, their energy and potential must be realized for greater benefit of all. But this could become possible if the government and the society must work hand in hand to meet the basic needs of the youth. As mental health professionals pointed out, services for these youth should be made available or else, we may never realize their full potential, they noted:18Commissioners need to consider the specific needs o f this age group when planning and commissioning services; failure to do so may contribute to the development of mental health service users being stuck in a cycle of hopelessness, unable to realize their full potential. Footnotes 1 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 2 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 3 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 4 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm5 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 6 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 7 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 8Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 9 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 10 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 11 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article.cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 12 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 13 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 14 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 15 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 16 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 17  "The Adolescent Brain. † loc. cit. 18 â€Å"â€Å"A Work in Progress: loc. cit.

First Amendment to the United States Constitution Essay

We live in a society where we pride individuality and staying true to who we are, but contradictingly enough we have large numbers of minorities being discriminated for being who they are. Racism being a strongly relevant issue, even in our day and time, doesn’t get dealt with as seriously as it should. Charles R. Lawrence III takes a firm stand addressing this issue arguing that racist speech should be regulated in universities rather than be protected by the first amendment. He claims that universities need to regulate racist speech in order for their students to really receive the equal educational opportunity they deserve. Getting rid of racist speech would be the only way to give all students the equal opportunity to learn and participate in their university. Lawrence makes strong claims in his argument; however, a lot of his argument is supported through his writing techniques. Charles Lawrence in his argumentative essay â€Å"On Racist Speech,† implements emotion-provoking diction, subtle figurative language and a thoughtful use of detail in order to effectively dispute the need for the regulation of racist speech. In his essay, â€Å"On Racist Speech,† Lawrence argues that universities should regulate racist speech. He points out that when racist speech involves insults, catcalls or assaultive speech, it becomes â€Å"fighting words,† which have been declared by the Supreme Court to not be protected under the first amendment of free speech. Lawrnence argues that racial insults shouldn’t be protected by the first amendment anyway because, the speakers intentions aren’t to â€Å"discover the truth or to initiate dialogue, but to injure the victim†. He also says that the need for regulations on racism advocated under the university’s responsibility to offer equal educational opportunity. Students don’t have the equal opportunity to learn and participate when they are crippled by the fact that at any time they could be struck with verbal harassment or assault. Lawrence offers a counterargument saying how free speech is the lifehood of our democratic system and that it is impossible to outlaw racist speech without suppressing other kinds of speech necessary for our democratic society Using certain words with specific emotional appeal, Lawrence effectively draws emotion out of the reader and strengthens his argument putting the reader at an emotional, personal level with the argument. For example, he first mentions how â€Å"we will be forced to combat [bad speech]† (51). He specifically chooses to use â€Å"combat,† a word with a far more aggressiveconnotation and weight, rather than a more passive word such as address. By doing so Lawrence expresses to the reader the urgency and grave seriousness of the situation; how racist speech is an actual, reckonable force that nees to be contended with. Also, he depicts the matter to be a â€Å"cry† from â€Å"victims† with â€Å"injuries† and â€Å"burdens,† all words with implied emotional context (51, 54). Just by picking certain words, Lawrence successfully uses pathos, pulling the emotions out of the reader and making them feel pity for the minorities. Ultimately with the right words, Lawrence makes the minorities more than just demographics; they become a group of people pressed under injustice and in need of help. He essentially, uses diction to play the readers heartstrings in a manner to make them feel sympathy for the minorities and further sway the reader to support his argument. Lawrence implements figurative language providing material from which the reader can mentally draw an image or feeling from, by which he further intensifies his argument, and ultimately making it more real and relatable. For example, he describes racism to have â€Å"rising flames† in the beginning of his essay (51). He draws a parallel between the situation of racist speech and an out of control fire. By painting such a strong image, he expresses the severity of the issue as well as how it must be addressed urgently. Rising flames aren’t something to shilly shally around with; likewise, neither is the problem of racist speech. Another example is when he describes the â€Å"use of words as assault weapons† (54). By comparing words, simple means of expressions, to assault weapons, firearms meant to hurt, he suggests the brutality of the issue. By putting racist speech next to weapons of destruction, Lawrence effectively shows how racist speech has actual ramifications that hurt and damage others. Also by giving this comparison, he’s able to put a nasty, cruel feeling in the reader’s mind, a feeling that would really stick with them. Lawrence’s use of figurative language proves to be very effective in getting to the reader, because it puts images, and consequently feelings, in the readers mind. He manages to give actual substance to the argument, substance the reader can see or feel. Lawrence sensibly avoids expounding upon the particulars of â€Å"racist speech,† which would have added smaller, more complicated arguments, and ultimately added extra baggage that could turn away readers. Touching upon sensitive issues of racism and free speech, he already packs a heavy load of content for the reader to digest and reflect upon. If he were to add more with what he believes racist speech should be defined as, he would risk losing readers, and not just to an overload of content. By providing a set definition, Lawrence would basically just be throwing out one more thing for the reader to possibly disagree with. Would his definition be too strict, he’d lose some rather more lenient readers and vice versa. Asserting more of his opinion would have created more room for disagreement with the reader, especially when discussing such touchy subjects. Drawing boundaries of racist speech would have just made his controversial essay more controversial. Lawrence having already sensitized the reader talking about â€Å"racial violence† on â€Å"victims† with â€Å"injuries† and whatnot, portrays his argument to be more than just a cold expression of his opinion. Having evoked the reader’s emotions, he had to consider them, making sure not to say something too sensitive that would really strike the reader. By leaving the definition open to the reader, not only does he allow the reader to create their own stand on the issue, where they could personalize it and make it relatable to their lives, but he avoids coming off as overbearing which would have been a clear turn off to readers. Also, by steering clear of precarious details, Lawrence is able to really stick the nitty gritty to the reader and just get his argument out there and heard to a wider array of audiences. Lawrence effectively uses rhetorical devices such as diction, figurative language and details in favor of his argument to regulate racist speech. As serious and urgent Lawrence calls for the regulation of racist speech is, realistically it seems impossible. â€Å"Racist speech† is far too subjective of a matter to have any form of regulation. Plus, it would be impossible to outlaw racist speech without suppressing other speech. That however, does not dismiss the issue. We should rather confront the issue on smaller levels and address it from the source—ourselves. Simply if we were all to simply just stop making or encouraging racist remarks, whether that be indirectly or just for laughs, there would no need for racism to be regulated. If we all were to progress to be accepting of all races, racism would just plainly be a thing of the past.

The Magic of Grammar

The Magic of Grammar The Magic of Grammar The Magic of Grammar By Maeve Maddox Glamor/Glamour: a magical or fictitious beauty attaching to any person or object; a delusive or alluring charm. Perhaps glamor is in the eye of the beholder, but in general, some things are felt to have it and others not. For example: Names: Marilyn Monroe vs. Norma Jean Baker. Occupations: actor vs. plumber. Fields of study: psychology vs. grammar. Outside a rarefied environment like an online site frequented by people who find it fascinating, what could have less glamor than grammar? Etymologically speaking, however, grammar and glamor are sisters under the skin. Scotsman Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) achieved international fame with his novels, many of which were set in his native Scotland and featured dialogue sprinkled with Scots dialect. One of the expressions he introduced to standard English was â€Å"to cast the glamour.† He was not the only literary Scotsman to include a bit of dialect in their writing. Here are OED citations from two of Scott’s countrymen: 1721  Ã‚   A. Ramsay Gloss. When devils, wizards or jugglers deceive the sight, they are said to cast glamour oer the eyes of the spectator. 1793  Ã‚   R. Burns Poems (ed. 2) II. 220  Ã‚   Ye gipsy-gang that deal in glamor, And you, deep-read in hells black grammar, Warlocks and witches. To discover the connection between magical glamor and ho-hum grammar, it’s necessary to trace the words to their mutual origin. In the 14th century when gramarye entered English from French gramaire, â€Å"learning,† a broad type of learning was meant, including Latin and philology. As time went on, (14th century) the learning associated with gramarye came to include astrology and magic. The word acquired a secondary meaning of â€Å"occult power† (late 15th century). This is the meaning that evolved into Scots glamour. Traveling further back takes us to Latin grammatia, from Greek grammatike tekhne, â€Å"art of letters.† The term comes from Greek gramma, â€Å"a letter, something drawn or written.† The alphabet is a set of magical symbols. Before literacy became available to the masses, the ability to write and read was recognized as a form of power. Not surprisingly, another word with the same pedigree as glamor and grammar is grimoire, â€Å"a magician’s manual for invoking demons and other supernatural entities.† Nowadays, grammar is understood to mean â€Å"the study of a language which deals with means of indicating the relations of words in the sentence, and with the rules for employing these in accordance with established usage.† The connection between glamor and grammar has become tenuous indeed. As an English teacher, I am painfully aware of the connotation the word grammar now bears. Tell any ten people you’re an English teacher, and nine of them will respond with a wince or a cringe and a mumbled â€Å"I never was any good at grammar.† Different times, different values. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsPeople versus PersonsAffect vs. Effect

10 Mental Disorders You Can Get in College

10 Mental Disorders You Can Get in College If you’re not careful college will drive you nuts! Campus is a wild ravenous battlefield where futures are decided, lifelong friendships are fumbled and students make a lot of really stupid decisions. In this post we’re going to skinny-dip in the raw truth. Let’s check out 10 mental disorders you could easily develop before you walk the proverbial plank (graduate). 1) Depression Depression is one of the most common psychological issues in America today. According to the experts, almost every single student you see walking around on your first day as a freshmen is suffering from it to some degree. If you’re not careful it’ll rub off on you before the end of first semester English. The good news is that there are a few options which can easily cure this. Don’t major in anything that starts with P or S. Don’t make college an ego trip. Don’t shower in your bare feet. Don’t sleep around. 2) Social Anxiety Social pressure coming from every angle. Get good grades. Be awesome. Be reckless! Get laid. Get invited to parties. Be a college rock star†¦it’s unsustainable. You can’t be cosmically cool for long. And, for those that have no hope of being in the lime light (at least not yet), social anxiety can be a real bummer. Only compete with yourself. Your college experience is yours, not theirs. Take a breath, relax and sip your beer please. Unless you plan on being a professor, college is temporary. 3) Agoraphobia There’s freaking people everywhere all the time. The dorm’s as packed as the lectures, gyms, chow halls and bathrooms. College is seeping with humans! After a while it can wear on you. The world starts getting too crowded and begins to close in around you. Once you can no longer take a step outside without wearing a hoodie, you’ve got agoraphobia. Workout super early in the morning. Live off campus. Take night classes. Major in geography or astronomy. 4) Porn Addiction Oops, sorry. Our mistake. Everyone knows that college students don’t have time to watch porn. We’re too busy engaging in full stadium-sized orgies in the afternoons. 5) Insomnia Right, so who has the time to sleep? Honestly, could the tech-department nerds please hurry up and allow us to become bionic quasi-mechanical humanoids that no longer need to? College is 50% more expensive. Student needs to get it done in half the time with 100% better GPAs. There’s parties to attend. Games to riot after†¦ Don’t major in computer science. If you’re worried about grades, remember sleep is as important as studying. Ideally 8 hours before tests, but power napping has its merits. Lose the energy drinks. Remember to flex other muscles besides your brain. 6) Hook-up Syndrome Once you get sucked into the hook-up culture where a text conversation is courting and monogamy is unheard of, it’s hard to escape it. It’s super-hard to fall in love in college these days, both for men and women. Don’t sleep around. Don’t make sex a priority. Don’t substitute technology for traditional courtship. Don’t make the mistake of imagining porn is anything like real life. 7) Personality Disorder Because of how much people change throughout college, it’s easy to lose sight of your core self. That thing you were before the world started to mold your personality. That consciousness who peered out through newborn eyes and began taking in information. That’s who you are. Remember that. Avoid defining yourself based on trendy/popular nonsense. Don’t resist personal evolution, roll with it. Remember that everything you do and say is branding you. The key to peace of mind is self-acceptance. 8) Eating Problems Bulimia, overeating and anorexia are increasingly common in college. Guys think they need to look like Hugh Jackman in the latest Wolverine and the girls are trying to look like some Pop Princess. The entertainment industry has taken things a bit too far. Don’t feed into this nonsense. Don’t become reliant on cafeteria food. Don’t settle for cheap carbs that have almost no nutrition. Organic fruits and veggies are as important to your grades as sleep or studying. Don’t kill yourself to please a bunch of superficial idiots. 9) Chronic Substance Abuse No way! There’s no such thing as substance abuse in college! Seriously though, college isn’t the place to become an alcoholic. That’s for later†¦ Take it easy, college is 4-6 years long for most people so there’s no reason to go absolutely insane freshmen or sophomore year. Use your grades as an addiction barometer. If they don’t go down or slip, no foul. If they do, you need to ease off a bit and prioritize. Exercise is just as satisfying from the neurochemical perspective as getting high. Drugs and alcohol are simply too expensive! 10) Wait†¦Math? If math isn’t your thing don’t fight it. Just take advantage of tutors and get as far as you need to go early on so it’s done and over with. So, how about it all you mentally ill college students out there, what are you dealing with and how are you coping. Share your story and let us know how you stay somewhat sane.

In Tort law, pure economic loss is never recoverable in an action for Essay

In Tort law, pure economic loss is never recoverable in an action for negligence - Essay Example However, the concept is evolving to cover other cases over the period of time. Pure economic loss In the case of pure economic loss, the loss strikes the victim’s wallet without any harm to the plaintiff’s person or property. According to Bussani & Palmer (2003, p. 4), there has never been a universally accepted definition of ‘pure economic loss’ and a number of legal systems neither recognize the legal category nor distinguish it as an autonomous form of damage. An act of negligence causing physical damage to a person may cause pure economic loss to another. It becomes non recoverable if the act is unintentional. The cause and effect relationship with reference to the breach of one’s duty and pure economic loss in relation to its impact on the complainant is very complicated in nature. Not only the gravity of the situation, but also the circumstance, varies from case to case. The factual causation is different in its scope from 'legal causation'. Ac cording to Cardozo, J., liability is â€Å"in an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to an indeterminate class†. ... Assuming that someone was directly injured then you have an issue about whether one can recover for his pure economic loss. Negligence in duty of care Individuals owe duty of care to strangers even when they are not related to them by way of any formal contracts. Any activity either performed individually or in group, if it results in harm to others, either physically, mentally or economically, according to the principles of justice, they are liable for their failure in exercising duty of care in their actions. Taking reasonable care in preventing harm to others or avoiding acts or omissions which one can reasonably foresee would likely to injure others, is the underlying point.   When a person is not responsible for an incident which resulted into injury to others, the person is not liable, and this principle was established in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson  [1932] AC 562   A causal relationship exists between negligence and the damages caused. The neighbourhood principle e stablished in Donoghue v Stevenson  [1932] AC 562  was expanded in scope in the later cases to cover various forms of duties and situations.   It was established in Anns v Merton London Borough Council  [1978] AC 728 known as Anns test states that: A sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood exists between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage, such that carelessness on the part of the former is likely to cause damage to the latter. In Caparo Industries plc v Dickman  [1990] 2 AC 605, the threefold test, ‘reasonably foreseeable’, ‘proximity or neighbourhood’ and ‘fair, just and reasonable to impose liability’ was

Leigh steel Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leigh steel - Case Study Example Standard costing assumes that profitability is linear and increase in production volumes should increase profitability. This costing method only gets the difference of the selling price and the total expenses. There is an assumption that the overheads are attributable to products forms the main bases of this model. ABC focuses on the cost of the activities that are involved in production of a product while in ToC costs are associated to the limiting factors that affect the optimization of profits. ToC takes into consideration that all limiting factors can be redefined further. ToC is concerned with the time-value for money. It restricts costs to limitations of value of each constraint. These constraints identification is the most crucial part of this theory. The fact is emphasized by the fact the fifth stage of is a continuation of refinement of the constraints. It is important that in further refinement the existing constraints do not become new constraints. If the previous constraints is considered then the cost may attract double cost. Edward states â€Å"Throughput was defined as quantity of money† as profit are maximized by â€Å"maximizing throughput per unit†. Assignment of cost in ABC is made by assigning cost to the various activities, this model assumes that only the activities of production contributes to the cost of the product. This assumptions does not take into consideration the cost of decision making in the company. Decision making on when to produce a product and the product mix based on the volume or expected demand is a key part of ToC. Lehigh’s decision-making is put into consideration when using ToC in evaluating the cost of inventory valuation. Standard Costing takes into consideration only the pounds weight of the product to calculate its cost. There is no consideration on the cost of decision-making. Is there a cost incurred due to demand. Standard Costing at Lehigh,

The Chicago Outfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Chicago Outfit - Essay Example It has been alleged that the Chicago outfit, in its operations, have directly or indirectly been aided and abetted some legal structures of government. For instance, they were said to have been behind many electoral malpractices, particularly the 1960 elections into the office of president. The Chicago Outfit is also alleged of short-changing Hollywood by having power over the unions that direct the affairs of Hollywood. Perhaps the action which is most indicative of the political corruption that aided the rise of the syndicate is that which touches on the attempts allegedly made by the government of the United States to use them to scuttle the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro (Mallory, 2007). The government and her institutions seem to now know that they need to tighten things up a little bit. Thus, some years ago, precisely between 1999 and 2009, a number of crackdowns on members and associates of the Chicago Outfits took place. Many of them were prosecuted. Most of them were found guilty of atrocities like gambling, tax evasion, extortion, and above all, murder (Mallory, 2007). They were handed prison terms and some were even given life imprisonment. This crackdown has indicated the government’s readiness to find an end to the gang. Nonetheless, it doesn’t mean the Chicago Outfit still doesn’t have its way as organized crime by the Chicago Outfit is still a societal

The Importance Of Environmental Risk Assessments Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Environmental Risk Assessments Environmental Sciences Essay Environmental risk assessment is an integral part of a project. It is important that a project attributes due weight and consideration to the assessments conclusions, although it is just as imperative that an assessment identifies the assessment endpoints in order to determine the application and usefulness of the assessment. Depending on the specific project, an environmental risk assessment can be utilised to assist a project to assess strategic and or tactical uncertainties, as well as assisting in making the best informed decision given the circumstances. (Beer Ziolkowski, 1995, p. 6) Environmental risk assessment is the process (Joint Technical Committee OB/7 Risk Management, 1999) that analyses, considers and then places into a criterion framework the risks to human health, welfare and ecosystems that are the result of adverse developmental impacts on the natural environment. (Beer Ziolkowski, 1995) The placement of the foreseeable risks into a specified criteria, level and/or predetermined standard enables a project to consider, in comparison to the same, what environmental hazards have the greatest potential of occurring, as a result of a specific project, to the selected endpoints and what action (if any) is required. (Joint Technical Committee OB/7 Risk Management, 1999), (Beer Ziolkowski, 1995). The usefulness of environmental risk assessment can depend on what criteria, pre-determined standard and/or level is being utilised as an acceptable comparison. What may be important to one specific environment may not be important to another, therefore, it is important, prior to the commencement of the environmental assessment, that the environmental values to be protected (Stoklosa), the endpoints are agreed. The importance of environmental risk assessment as a necessary component of a project is evidenced in a recent predictive case study commissioned by Alcoa, the worlds largest producer of aluminium (Alcoa Inc.), with respect to an aspect of the construction of its proposed aluminium smelter in East Iceland. (Booth, et al., 2009) (referred to as The Aluminium Smelter Study). The Aluminium Smelter Study is an example of predictive risk assessment. The study was conducted to determine whether there would be a consequential difference in the level of risk to human and ecological receptors from constituents in air emissions from the aluminium smelter (prior to construction), either with or without wet scrubbers. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 423) Gaseous emissions from the aluminium smelting process are minimized by existing controls, although not all emissions are captured by these basic controls. Prior to the commencement of the study, there was no certainty regarding whether the addition of wet scrubbers to the basic controls would provide any additional benefit as these also introduce an environmental cost. It is necessary for Icelands Permitting Authority, if they are to approve the Smelter without the need for the wet scrubbers, that an environmental risk assessment is conducted with the harm for both scenarios, with and without the wet scrubbers, explored in advance, in order that the authorities can make an informed decision. Although wet scrubbers can in some circumstances control gaseous emissions, the contaminants removed by the scrubbing are transferred into the smelters surrounding water ways, potentially causing harm to the surrounding ecology and humans alike. For the purpose of the assessment, the selection of the emissions/contaminants present in the smelter region, which may be emitted with or without wet scrubbers, were determined on the basis of what the principal constituents of gaseous emissions from primary aluminium production are. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 429) These include, fluorides, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, perfluorocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The design of the smelter and the operational controls already in place were considered prior to identifying the contaminants that may pose a potential risk to the pre-determined endpoints. Whether or not the wet scrubber process will cause substantial harm to the environment requires a risk assessment of weighing the environmental risks of exposure to humans and the environment to the emissions and waste generated with and without the wet scrubbers. . The environmental endpoints for the purpose of this environmental risk assessment were selected on the basis of a number of criteria, including, amongst others, the ecosystems and species that are present in the Hraun industrial tract and surrounding areas in Ewyarfjorour, Fjardabyggd, on the east coast of Iceland (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 425) in close proximity to the aluminium smelter site. In addition, further endpoints were selected by considering terrestrial and marine site studies (which) were conducted (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 425) in the early planning phase and using the information obtained to determine what plants and animals in the surrounding area could be at risk from the wet scrubber emissions. The human environment endpoints were also assessed, utilising studies completed in the planning stage of the smelter site and its surrounding Fjord area. The Aluminium Smelters location in East Iceland presents a unique environment, where there is little development and, due to both the weather and terrain, a relatively stable population level, see Figure 1 of Appendix A . The studies assessed the population of the surrounding area, noting that the terrain restricts much human population, the potential exposure pathways (i.e the drinking water for the residents in the villages is the river Delta and those outside the villages use bore water, neither of which there is any indication the smelter will affect.) and whether the populations source of food will be affected and, in turn, could indirectly expose the human population to harm. The Aluminium Smelter Study measured the harm to both human health and the ecology by developing a number of different conceptual models to assist in identify(ing) the controlling variables that affect exposure and risk, and to focus the risk assessment process on the most important pathways of potential exposure. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 430) Figure 2, at page 431, is an illustration of a conceptual site model, which assists to identify the exposure pathways from the source, its transport, the media, (i.e air, soil, water) and then the effect on humans and the ecology. In particular, attention is directed when electing the endpoints to those plants, animals and humans that are potentially sensitive, or will be at greater risk of exposure, to the emission contaminants as identified as potentially being present. Further consideration must also be directed to ecologically important species and those species having special regulatory status (if appropriate) or social importance. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 430) If, after having conducted all of the above and considered all the contributing factors of the models, a pathway was identified as having a potential to be complete, that factor was then assessed as posing a potential risk to the end point Alcoa engaged Earth Tech to conduct the air dispersion modelling, which was required to assess both the human and ecological risk assessments. Air dispersion modelling was chosen as the best method, considering the difficult Fjord landscape and complex wind conditions, to determine the effects on the receptors from the wet scrubber and no wet scrubber smelting scenarios. A copy of Earth Techs report is annexed at Appendix B. A copy of Earth Techs report is annexed at Appendix B.A number of air modelling scenarios were simulated in order to assess exposure to provide the relevant basis for comparison to standards that are protective of human health and the environment (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 434). These scenarios are illustrated in Table 2 and the time frames were chosen in order that the results could be compared to the corresponding regulatory limits that are protective of human health. The different environmental values to be protected require different measures of assessment. For example, in order to measure the harm of the risk to plant species in the Fjord, the model requires modelling for annual mean sulphur dioxide (SO2) (one of the identified emissions) exposure as toxicology-based screening values for plants are expressed as annual averages. The results of the dispersion models were exhibited on a geographic grid. For a more detailed explanation of the grid and a copy of the same, see page 437 (Booth, et al., 2009). (Katie, what does this add?) In order to assess the risk of the estimated air concentrations and deposition rates, with or without the effect of seawater scrubbers, the two scenarios were compared on a point-specific basis or were examined statistically or probabilistically to describe the nature of exposure to each constituent by sensitive receptors. The study not only conducted air modelling exposure modelling, the risk assessment process also utilised previously conducted marine dispersion modelling, which assessed the harm to the Fjord marine ecology, including modelling sediment and the concentration in water of elements such as fluoride, another of the identified end point contaminants. The marine dispersion models were then assessed using data from further previous studies, as well as data collected from other Alcoa facilities, such as those in Canada and Norway as a means of verifying the reasonableness of the predictions at Fjord. (Booth, et al., 2009) In addition to the air dispersion modelling and marine dispersion modelling, the risk assessment also assessed the potential adverse effects from sediment bound substance and dissolved substances (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 438) from the discharge of water into the Fjord in the situation of the seawater scrubber. The constituents, in particular PAHs (emission of which is usually associated with effluent sediment from the wet scrubber), that were hypothesised to be released into the Fjord, were selected to be assessed. The harm of these constituents (see page 438) was measured by comparing modelled concentrations in sediment and water to available toxicity thresholds and screening benchmarks. (Booth, et al., 2009) Similar modelling was utilised to assess the effect of the scrubber discharge to wildlife, including food web modelling for species that forage on items that could potentially accumulate PAHs. (Booth, et al., 2009). Similarly, the harm to plants was measured by comparing the mo delled air emission concentrations of SO2 and fluoride to conservative toxicity thresholds for sensitive plant communities. Further, the risk to vertebrates was determined on the basis of predicted concentrations of fluoride and PAHs (sic) in the diet of herbivorous mammals and birds, based on the EarthTech air modelling results and plant uptake models, and comparing those dietary concentrations to toxicity thresholds developed from the scientific literature. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 438) There were some limitations in the study on the effect of emissions from the two alternate scrubber scenarios, which are discussed in further detail at page 439. The quantitative results to the identified receptors and the concentration estimates of emission constituents in the air from inhalation exposure were measured to be considered in comparison with all relevant standards, and PAHs (sic) were compared with health-protective screening values for air and soil. In addition to the human risk of inhalation of the emissions, the study also assessed the harm from dermal (skin) contact to humans, one of the identified endpoint pathways. The soil concentrations, in accordance with the model (see page 439), were then compared to well-accepted health-protective soil preliminary remediation goals for BaP and HF developed by USEPA. The potential harm on human health from the discharge of constituents in the air and soil were measured by comparison to elected, accepted benchmarks. Each of the different models required different types of methods to measure the predicted harm. In order that the risk assessment provides the most accurate conclusions that can be relied on for decision making, the different end points required different benchmarks for assessment. For a more detailed assessment of the effect of the identified emission contaminants on the endpoints, see page 439. The results of the modelling predictions on the level of risk to human and ecological receptors indicated that both scenarios produce results that are lower that the identified risk thresholds and, by and large, the risk to all end points was lower for a smelter without wet scrubbers. Alcoa submitted the results of the environmental risk assessment to the Government of Icelands Permitting Authority and, in turn, the Authority approved an operating permit for the facility without the need to install seawater scrubbers. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 440) It must be noted that some caution must be attributed to the risk assessments findings as it was financed by Alcoa, however a disclaimer appears on page 1 of this study, the opinions expressed are the independent scientific views of the authors (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 423) and it would appear that the Iceland Permitting Authority agrees. The benefit for Alcoa was threefold. Firstly, by successfully obtaining the Iceland Governments permit, they were not required to expend the additional cost of constructing the seawater scrubber. Further, the results of the environmental risk assessment were able to be distributed to the local community, assisting Alcoa in continuing to uphold its duties to the people of the area faithfully. (Alcoa Inc.) Finally, Alcoa have utilised the environmental risk assessment to demonstrate the long-term sustainability of operations, as well as environmental protectiveness. (Booth, et al., 2009, p. 440). The information obtained from the environmental risk assessment process was a necessary component of Alcoas aluminium smelter Iceland project.

The Faults in the Recent Project of Sainsbury :: Sainsbury Business Management Essays

The Faults in the Recent Project of Sainsbury In 2000, Sainsbury’s began its â€Å"business transformation programme†. The grand plan includes what is arguably the largest and most ambitious retail supply chain project in Europe. The main driver was the need to cut costs. However, internal research found that the company’s cost-per-case was significantly higher than its nearest rivals. Sainsbury‘s had been managing distribution in the same way for more than 40 years, which is mainframe-based warehouse management system, Its typical distribution center was almost as old. Compared to the age of the average Tesco depot—seven years—Sainsbury's depots were nearing the end of their useful life. The old system of depots was designed for the purposes, such as packing for meat and own-brand goods. However, it means that one store could be receiving goods from five or six different depots in any one day, which was highly inefficient. The old delivery system was also ill-suited to changes in customer tastes, habits and store locations. Supermarkets have to offer a wider range of products, in smaller volumes and at lower prices, than in the past, to people who shop when they need to rather than stocking up once a week. â€Å"Today, Sainsbury’s carries 2.5 million cases per week from around 2,000 suppliers. It also has to deliver them to 500 outlets every day, ranging from traditional large stores to smaller shops on previously untapped territories, such as railway terminals and Shell petrol stations. Given this diversity, daily â€Å"waves† of restocking are required from 5am onwards.† (http://www.supplymanagement.com/archiveitem.asp?id=8784, 4/4/2005) In order to service this need, Sainsbury revamped its supply chain and created a complete end to end supply management system. â€Å"The initial timeline for the project was seven years, as the struggling chain set about pruning a network of 25 distribution centres to just nine facilities in eight regions around the UK. Another part of the plan was to build four giant warehouses, two of them fully automated, for  £400 million each." (http://www.supplymanagement.com/archiveitem.asp?id=8784, 4/4/2005) Sainsbury did it in three years, to catch up with, in some cases, and some cases overtake its rivals. Sainsbury's uses a number of IT systems to manage its supply chain, mostly within the Accenture outsourcing deal. Distribution warehouse management systems are provided by Manhattan Associates. Eqos has built an alerts system to improve stock availability in store, based on Microsoft .net technology. And Retek has supplied software to forecast product demand in Sainsbury's stores. By implementing automation, Sainsbury was hoping also to avoid human errors so that errors were right at the first time Although, Sainsbury has been working hard to improve its supply chain, however, the operation of its four new automated depots